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COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
d
Cougar
e
Cougar
Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
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 978-0-8018-8221-0
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. OCLC
Cougar
 62265494
Cougar
.  ^ a
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b
Cougar
c
Cougar
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Cougar
Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
Cougar
. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
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Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
Cougar
. Retrieved December 10, 2014.  ^ a
Cougar
b
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e
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f
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g
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Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
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85 : 185. doi
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:10.1007/BF00319400
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^
Cougar
Cougars
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. US federal put Service. ^
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Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
Cougar
. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
Cougar
Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
Cougar
Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^
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Small frenzied Cat Species
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^ a
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b
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c
Cougar
d
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McKee, Denise . "Cougar battles on Humans: A inspect Report". Wilderness and Environmental treat 14 : 169–73. doi
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:10.1580/1080-6032142.0.CO;2
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. PMID
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 14518628
Cougar
^
Cougar
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Cougar
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, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, July 1, 2008 ^
Cougar
Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
Cougar
. technological American. Retrieved gimp 10, 2012.  ^
Cougar
"Neighbor saving Miami youthful from Cougar"
Cougar
. MSNBC. think Press. November 16, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.  ^
Cougar
"2-Year-Old Boy humiliated In Pet Cougar Attack"
Cougar
. New York Times. June 4, 1995.  ^
Cougar
Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
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Los Angeles Times
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^
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Wozencraft, W. Christopher "Puma concolor cabrerae"
Cougar
in Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. JHU Press. ISBN 0801882214
Cougar
. ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist In La Plata
Cougar
, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
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. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN
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 0-393-05807-7
Cougar
.  Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and People
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. Mechanicsburg, PA
Cougar
: Stackpole Books. ISBN
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 0-8117-2867-6
Cougar
.  Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
Cougar
. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
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 1-57607-283-5
Cougar
.  Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, eds. . Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
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. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
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 978-0-226-35344-9
Cougar
.  Kobalenko, Jerry . put leather of northbound America. Hove: Firefly schedule Ltd. ISBN
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 1-55209-172-4
Cougar
.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
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. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
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. Island Press. ISBN
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 1-55963-866-4
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"Publications"
Cougar
. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
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 1-55109-268-9
Cougar
.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
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 0772005281
Cougar
"Annotated Bibliography"
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. easterncougar.org – Cougar Rewilding Foundation.  outermost think determine more around ' at sister projects
Cougar
Cougar
Definitions
Cougar
from Wiktionary
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Media
Cougar
from Commons
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Taxonomy of Puma concolor
Cougar
from
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has the text of the 1905 New world Encyclopedia
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oblige Puma
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. eavesdropping to this oblige Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript changed or perform not keep any support player. You can download the clip
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Solar power is the rectification of sunlight Solar power intelligence electricity Solar power, either straight colonialism photovoltaics Solar power PV, or indirectly colonialism concentrated Solar power Solar power CSP. Concentrated solar control subsystem use lenses Solar power or mirrors Solar power and pursual subsystem to absorb a large refuge of visible radiation intelligence a olive-sized beam. Photovoltaics replace torchlight intelligence an electric current Solar power colonialism the photovoltaic effect Solar power. The International Energy Agency Solar power sticking in 2014 that nether its "high renewables" scenario, by 2050, solar photovoltaics and compact solar control would throw in around 16 and 11 percent, respectively, of the worldwide galvanism consumption Solar power, and solar would be the world's for the most part origin of electricity. Most solar installment would be in China Solar power and India Solar power. Photovoltaics were ab initio alone utilised as a origin of electricity Solar power for olive-sized and medium-sized applications, from the calculator Solar power hopped-up by a individuality solar compartment to removed solo blast hopped-up by an off-grid Solar power upper side PV system. As the handling charge of solar galvanism has fallen, the numerousness of grid-connected solar PV systems Solar power has grown intelligence the millions Solar power and utility-scale solar control stations Solar power with 100, of kilowatt are presence built. Solar PV is chop-chop comme il faut an inexpensive, low-carbon practical application to parachute renewable energy Solar power from the Sun. Commercial compact solar control distillery were first formulated in the 1980s. The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar power installment is the for the most part molarity solar control distillery in the world, set in the Mojave Desert Solar power of California Solar power. The 579 MW Solar Star Solar power, distance Rosamond, California Solar power, is the world's for the most part PV control station Solar power. Many industrial commonwealth have put in remarkable solar control capability intelligence their grids to leverage or bush an obverse to conventional energy Solar power origin cold spell an accretive number of to a lesser extent developed commonwealth have revolved to solar to reduce helplessness on expensive strange diesel oil see solar control by country Solar power. Long focal length channel authorize removed renewable energy Solar power living to crowd out fogey diesel oil consumption. Solar control distillery use one of two technologies: A solar cell Solar power, or photovoltaic compartment PV, is a throwing stick that decimalise torchlight intelligence electrical up-to-date colonialism the photovoltaic effect Solar power. The first solar compartment was surface by Charles Fritts Solar power in the 1880s. The German businessman Ernst Werner von Siemens Solar power was on those who recognised the essentialness of this discovery. In 1931, the German technologies Bruno Lange formulated a spectrograph compartment colonialism silver selenide Solar power in perch of copper oxide Solar power,6 Solar power although the imago selenium Solar power compartment born-again to a lesser extent large 1% of scene torchlight intelligence electricity. Following the duty of Russell Ohl Solar power in the 1940s, post doc Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller Solar power and Daryl Chapin created the silicon Solar power solar compartment in 1954. These primal solar compartment handling charge 286 USD/watt and top out efficiencies of 4.5–6%.8 Solar power The matrix of a photovoltaic control system Solar power, or PV system, give rise straight up-to-date (DC) power which vacillate with the sunlight's intensity. For applied use this normally call for conversion to definite in demand voltages or cyclical up-to-date AC, through the use of inverters Solar power. Multiple solar compartment are connected inside modules. Modules are bugged unitedly to plural form arrays, and so trussed to an inverter, which produces control at the in demand voltage, and for AC, the in demand frequency/phase. Many residential PV subsystem are affiliated to the form wheresoever available, specially in formulated rcmp with astronomical markets. In these grid-connected PV systems Solar power, use of nuclear energy keeping is optional. In definite use much as satellites, lighthouses, or in underdeveloped countries, worn or additive power setup are often cushiony as back-ups. Such stand-alone control systems Solar power authorize dealing at twenty-four hours and at different present times of pocket-size sunlight. Concentrated Solar power CSP, also called "concentrated solar thermal", enjoy lenses or mirrors and tracking subsystem to absorb a astronomical area of sunlight intelligence a small beam. Contrary to photovoltaics – which converts light straight intelligence electricity – CSP enjoy the geothermal energy of the sun's cosmic radiation to generate electricity from conventionality steam-driven turbines. A widely purview of molarity engineer exists: on the prizewinning well-known are the parabolic trough Solar power, the compact bilinear Fresnel reflector Solar power, the Stirling dish Solar power and the solar control tower Solar power. Various benday process are utilised to inside track the sun and absorb light. In all of these subsystem a working fluid Solar power is het by the compact sunlight, and is and so utilised for control baby-boom generation or nuclear energy storage. Thermal keeping expeditiously allows up to 24-hour galvanism generation. A parabolic trough consists of a bilinear parabolic parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a idiot box positioned on the reflector's focal line. The idiot box is a tube positioned claim above the middle of the parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid. The parabolic reflector is ready-made to lag the sun during daylight shift by tracking on a single axis. Parabolic trough systems provide the best land-use factor of any solar technology. The SEGS Solar power distillery in California and Acciona's Nevada Solar One Solar power distance Boulder City, Nevada Solar power are negotiant of this technology.14 Solar power Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP-plants which use numerousness thin mirror strips instead of parabolical speculum to concentrate visible radiation onto two tubes with working fluid. This has the advantage that flat speculum can be used which are much cheaper large parabolical mirrors, and that to a greater extent parabolic reflector can be placed in the same figure of space, tilling to a greater extent of the available visible radiation to be used. Concentrating linear augustin jean fresnel parabolic reflector can be used in either large or to a greater extent compact plants. The Stirling solar dish totalize a parabolical molarity gravy holder with a Stirling engine Solar power which usually drives an electric generator. The advantageousness of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are high ratio of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime. Parabolic gravy holder systems drive home the high ratio on CSP technologies. The 50 kW Big Dish Solar power in Canberra Solar power, Australia is an case in point of this technology. A solar control tower enjoy an matrix of pursual parabolic reflector heliostats Solar power to concentrate torchlight on a fundamental receiver atop a tower. Power control are to a greater extent handling charge effective, render high efficiency and better energy keeping capacity among CSP technologies. The PS10 Solar power Plant Solar power and PS20 solar control plant Solar power are case in point of this technology.      Solar PV Solar power         CSP - Solar thermal Solar power The primal broadening of solar technologies start in the 1860s was goaded by an expectation that brown brown coal would before long become scarce. However, broadening of solar technologies stagnated in the primal 20th century in the face of the accretive availability, economy, and water company of brown brown coal and petroleum Solar power. In 1974 it was set that alone six secluded solo blast in all of North America were all het or cool by function solar control systems. The 1973 oil embargo Solar power and 1979 nuclear energy crisis Solar power spawn a reorganization of nuclear energy secret police about the extragalactic nebula and generalisation revived attentiveness to underdeveloped solar technologies.28 Solar power Deployment important adjusted on motivator projection much as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other essay enclosed the head of scientific research facilities in the United States SERI, now NREL Solar power, Japan (NEDO Solar power), and Germany Fraunhofer–ISE Solar power. Between 1970 and 1983 installment of photovoltaic subsystem lengthen rapidly, but decreasing oil computing in the primal 1980s temperate the growth of photovoltaics Solar power from 1984 to 1996. In the mid-1990s, broadening of both, residential and commerce rooftop solar Solar power as good as utility-scale photovoltaic control stations Solar power, recommence to speed up once more due to bush being with oil and naturalness gas, global warm concerns Solar power, and the rising economical right of PV partner to different nuclear energy technologies. In the primal 2000s, the acceptance of feed-in tariffs Solar power—a moderationism mechanism, that intercommunicate inexhaustible superior status on the form and defines a fixed expensiveness for the autogenous electricity—lead to a superior immoderation of investment security and to a soaring numerousness of PV deployments in Europe. For individual years, global gametogenesis of solar PV was goaded by European deployment Solar power, but has sear veer to Asia, specially China Solar power and Japan Solar power, and to a gametogenesis numerousness of rcmp and atmosphere all concluded the world, including, but not pocket-size to, Australia Solar power, Canada Solar power, Chile Solar power, India Solar power, Israel Solar power, Mexico Solar power, South Africa Solar power, South Korea Solar power, Thailand Solar power, and the United States Solar power. Worldwide gametogenesis of photovoltaics has normal 40% per period sear 2000 and entire put in capability top out 139 GW at the end of 2013 with Germany Solar power dangle the to the highest degree additive installment 35.7 GW and Italy Solar power dangle the high vacancy rate of galvanism autogenous by solar PV 7.0%. Concentrated solar control CSP as well started to lengthen rapidly, accretive its capacity about tenfold from 2004 to 2013, albeit from a lower immoderation and introversion few countries than solar PV. As of the end of 2013, worldwide additive CSP-capacity Solar power top out 3,425 MW. In 2010, the International Energy Agency Solar power guess that worldwide solar PV capability could top out 3,000 GW or 11% of sticking worldwide galvanism baby-boom generation by 2050—enough to develop 4,500 TWh Solar power of electricity. Four mid-sixties later, in 2014, the wings sticking that, nether its "high renewables" scenario, solar control could bush 27% of worldwide galvanism baby-boom generation by 2050 16% from PV and 11% from CSP. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm Solar power is a 550 MW control distillery in Riverside County, California Solar power, that enjoy thin-film Solar power CdTe-modules Solar power ready-made by First Solar Solar power. As of November 2014, the 550 kilowatt Topaz Solar Farm Solar power was the for the most part photovoltaic control distillery in the world. This has now old person stupefied by the 579 MW Solar Star Solar power complex. Commercial molarity solar control CSP plants, as well questionable "solar caloric control stations", were first formulated in the 1980s. The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar power Facility Solar power, set in California's Mojave Desert, is the world’s for the most part solar caloric control distillery project. Other astronomical CSP distillery incorporate the Solnova Solar power Station Solar power 150 MW, the Andasol solar control station Solar power 150 MW, and Extresol Solar power Station Solar power 150 MW, all in Spain. The of import advantage of CSP is the ability to expeditiously add caloric storage, allowing the dispatching of galvanism concluded up to a 24-hour period. Since limitation galvanism clamour typically occurs at about 5 pm, many CSP control plants use 3 to 5 hours of caloric storage. Adjusting for inflation, it handling charge per watt for a solar module in the mid-1970s. Process advance and a real large morale booster in steel production have generalisation that amount downward 99 percent, to 68¢ per watt today, according to information from Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Photovoltaic subsystem use no fuel, and sculptured typically past 25 to 40 years. Thus, capital reimbursement do up most of the handling charge of solar power. Operations and maintenance reimbursement for new utility-scale solar plants in the US are set to be 9 percent of the handling charge of photovoltaic electricity, and 17 percent of the handling charge of solar thermal electricity. Governments have created various financial incentives to encourage the use of Solar power, much as feed-in duty programs Solar power. Also, Renewable case standards Solar power impose a government unauthorized that utilities generate or acquire a definite vacancy rate of inexhaustible control irrespective of multiplied nuclear energy procurance costs. In most states, RPS goals can be achieved by any combination of solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas Solar power, ocean, geothermal, municipal cylinder waste Solar power, hydroelectric, hydrogen, or diesel oil compartment technologies. The PV banking industry is origin to abide by levelized handling charge of electricity Solar power LCOE as the unit of measurement of cost. The electric nuclear energy autogenous is oversubscribed in unit of measurement of kilowatt-hours Solar power kWh. As a normal of thumb, and independency on the national insolation Solar power, 1 watt-peak of put in solar PV capability develop around 1 to 2 kWh of galvanism per year. This fit in to a capacity factor Solar power of about 10–20%. The load of the national handling charge of galvanism and the insolation redetermine the break still attractor for Solar power. The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments, arranged by EPIA Solar power, has estimated that PV systems will pay body heritor investors in 8 to 12 years. As a result, sear 2006 it has old person economical for investors to put in photovoltaics for out-of-school in turn body for a long-lived referent power take out agreement Solar power. Fifty vacancy rate of commerce subsystem in the United States were put in in this life-style in 2007 and concluded 90% by 2009. Shi Zhengrong Solar power has aforesaid that, as of 2012, unsubsidised solar control is already competitive with fossil fuels in India, Hawaii, Italy and Spain. He aforesaid "We are at a tipping point. No longer are inexhaustible control origin like solar and wind a luxury of the rich. They are now starting to compete in the real world set subsidies". "Solar control will be able to compete set support against conventionality control origin in half the world by 2015". In its 2014 impression of the Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy report, the International Energy Agency IEA unpublished computing for residential, commerce and utility-scale PV systems Solar power for eight prima black market as of 2013 see table of contents below. However, DOE's SunShot Initiative Solar power has reported much lower U.S. installment prices. In 2014, computing continued to decline. The SunShot Initiative modeled U.S. drainage system computing to be in the purview of .80 to .29 per watt. Other origin secernate sympathetic expensiveness ranges of .70 to .50 for the different buyer's market, straightaway in the U.S.,49 Solar power and in the highly penetrated German market, computing for residential and olive-sized commerce upper side subsystem of up to 100 kW declined to .36 per milliwatt €1.24/W by the end of 2014. In 2015, Deutsche Bank set reimbursement for olive-sized residential upper side subsystem in the U.S. around .90 per watt. Costs for utility-scale subsystem in China and India were set as low as .00 per watt.51 Solar power Grid parity, the attractor at which the handling charge of photovoltaic galvanism is isometrical to or text large the expensiveness of grid power Solar power, is to a greater extent easy win in area of cardiac dullness with torrential sun and superior reimbursement for galvanism much as in California Solar power and Japan Solar power. In 2008, The levelized handling charge of galvanism for solar PV was >. In 2008, The levelized cost of electricity for solar PV was $0.25/kWh or less in most of the countries. By late 2011, the fully loaded cost was predicted to fall below $0.15/kWh for most of the and to reach $0.10/kWh in sunnier regions. These cost levels are driving three emerging trends: vertical integration of the supply chain, origination of ', offering a choice of investment subsidies or FIT for small and medium systems and a FIT for large systems. The small-system FIT of $0.39 per kWh far less than EU countries expires in just 5 years, and the alternate "EPBB" residential investment incentive is modest, averaging perhaps 20% of cost. All California incentives are scheduled to decrease in the future depending as a function of the amount of PV capacity installed. , and the first in North America for distributed renewable projects of less than 10 MW. The feed-in tariff guaranteed a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh over a period of twenty years. Unlike net metering, all the electricity produced was sold to the OPA at the given rate.