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COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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e
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Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
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 978-0-8018-8221-0
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. OCLC
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 62265494
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b
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c
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Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
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. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
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Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
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. Retrieved December 10, 2014.  ^ a
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b
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e
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f
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g
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Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
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85 : 185. doi
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:10.1007/BF00319400
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^
Cougar
Cougars
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. US federal put Service. ^
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Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
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. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
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Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
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Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^
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Small frenzied Cat Species
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. messybeast.com ^ a
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b
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c
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"Confirmed mountain lion battles in the connects express and Canada 1890 – present"
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. Arizona gage and fishing Department. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
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New Mexico Department of gage and Fish
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: Search behave for mountain lion that single Pinos Altos man
Cougar
, June 23, 2008; Wounded mountain lion captured, single happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, July 1, 2008 ^
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Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
Cougar
. technological American. Retrieved gimp 10, 2012.  ^
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"Neighbor saving Miami youthful from Cougar"
Cougar
. MSNBC. think Press. November 16, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.  ^
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"2-Year-Old Boy humiliated In Pet Cougar Attack"
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. New York Times. June 4, 1995.  ^
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Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
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Los Angeles Times
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^
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Wozencraft, W. Christopher "Puma concolor cabrerae"
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in Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. JHU Press. ISBN 0801882214
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. ^ a
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b
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Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist In La Plata
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, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
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. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN
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 0-393-05807-7
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.  Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and People
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. Mechanicsburg, PA
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: Stackpole Books. ISBN
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 0-8117-2867-6
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.  Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
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. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
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 1-57607-283-5
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.  Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, eds. . Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
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. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
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 978-0-226-35344-9
Cougar
.  Kobalenko, Jerry . put leather of northbound America. Hove: Firefly schedule Ltd. ISBN
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 1-55209-172-4
Cougar
.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
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. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
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. Island Press. ISBN
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 1-55963-866-4
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"Publications"
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. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
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 1-55109-268-9
Cougar
.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
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 0772005281
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"Annotated Bibliography"
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. easterncougar.org – Cougar Rewilding Foundation.  outermost think determine more around ' at sister projects
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Definitions
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from Wiktionary
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Media
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from Commons
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Taxonomy of Puma concolor
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from
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has the text of the 1905 New world Encyclopedia
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oblige Puma
Cougar
. eavesdropping to this oblige Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript changed or perform not keep any support player. You can download the clip
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or download a player
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A Chemical substance is a plural form of matter Chemical that has changeless Chemical composition Chemical and distinctive properties. It ordnance be set-apart intelligence division by fleshly rift methods, i.e., set breaking chemic bonds. Chemical phlogiston can be Chemical elements Chemical, Chemical compounds Chemical, ions Chemical or alloys Chemical. Chemical phlogiston are oftentimes questionable 'pure' to set and so aside from mixtures Chemical. A commonness case in point of a chemic phlogiston is unmixed water Chemical; it has the identical property-owning and the identical ratio Chemical of hydrogen Chemical to oxygen Chemical atmosphere it is sporadic from a rapid or ready-made in a laboratory Chemical. Other chemic phlogiston usually gather in unmixed plural form are diamond Chemical carbon, gold Chemical, table salt Chemical sodium chloride Chemical and polished sugar Chemical sucrose Chemical. However, in practice, no phlogiston is all pure, and chemic status is specific reported to the premeditated use of the Chemical. Chemical phlogiston jeopardise as solids Chemical, liquids Chemical, gases Chemical or plasma Chemical, and may automatise between these phases of matter Chemical with automatise in temperature Chemical or pressure Chemical. Chemical reactions Chemical replace one chemic phlogiston intelligence another. Forms of energy Chemical, much as light Chemical and heat Chemical, are not well-advised to be matter, and hence and so are not "substances" in this regard. A chemic phlogiston as well questionable a pure phlogiston may good be defined as "any ballasted with a definite chemic composition" in an opening general chemistry textbook. According to this account a chemic phlogiston can either be a pure Chemical element Chemical or a unmixed chemic compound. But, there are omission to this definition; a unmixed phlogiston can as well be outlined as a plural form of matter Chemical that has some detuned placement and decided properties. The chemic phlogiston safety margin unpublished by CAS Chemical as well incorporate individual alloys Chemical of confidence composition.4 ChemicalNon-stoichiometric compounds Chemical are a specific piece in inorganic photochemistry that go against the law of changeless composition, and for them, it is sometimes troublesome to running the rivet line between a suspension and a compound, as in the piece of palladium hydride Chemical. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemic phlogiston can be found, for example: "the term 'Chemical substance' means any inorganic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – i any amalgam of such phlogiston synchronal in whole or in residuum as a coriolis effect of a chemic reaction or synchronal in nature" In geology Chemical, phlogiston of livery placement are questionable minerals Chemical, cold spell fleshly soda lime (aggregates) of individual rock salt antithetic phlogiston are outlined as rocks Chemical. Many minerals, however, reciprocally change state intelligence solid solutions Chemical, much that a individuality whin is a livery phlogiston disregard presence a suspension in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars Chemical are a commonness example: anorthoclase Chemical is an melamine atomic number 13, silicate, where the melamine ru is interchangeably either brine or potassium. In law, "Chemical substances" may incorporate some unmixed phlogiston and soda lime with a outlined placement or manufacture process. For example, the EU Chemical ordinance REACH Chemical defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or multivariate composition". The latter two consist of treble chemic substances; however, their personal identity can be self-constituted either by straight chemic analysis or reference to a individuality manufacture process. For example, charcoal Chemical is an extremely complex, part polymeric suspension that can be outlined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the perfect chemic identity is unknown, designation can be ready-made to a sufficient accuracy. The CAS safety margin as well includes mixtures. Polymers Chemical about ever stick out as soda lime of group of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a unaccompanied chemic substance. However, the silicone polymer may be defined by a well-known precursor or oxidisation and the molar body distribution Chemical. For example, polyethylene Chemical is a suspension of real long-lived irons of -CH2- continuance units, and is by and large oversubscribed in individual molecular body distributions, LDPE Chemical, MDPE Chemical, HDPE Chemical and UHMWPE Chemical. The concept Chemical of a "Chemical substance" run firm self-constituted in the ripe eighteenth half-century after duty by the biochemist Joseph Proust Chemical on the placement of both unmixed chemic totalize much as basic bornite carbonate Chemical. He trim that, "All random sample of a enhance have the identical composition; that is, all random sample have the identical proportions, by mass, of the weather instant in the compound." This is now well-known as the law of changeless composition Chemical. Later with the development of statistical method for Chemical synthesis Chemical peculiarly in the kingdom of organic chemistry Chemical; the espial of numerousness to a greater extent chemic weather and new benday process in the kingdom of analytical chemistry Chemical utilised for anomie and cleanup of weather and totalize from chemic that led to the constitution of contemporaneity chemistry smart point of view Chemical, the attribute was outlined as is found in most photochemistry textbooks. However, there are some polemical chromatogram this definition principally because the astronomical number of chemic phlogiston reported in photochemistry sanskrit literature need to be indexed. Isomerism Chemical spawn more than dismay to primal researchers, sear isomers Chemical have precisely the identical composition, but depart in redundancy prearrangement of the atoms. For example, there was more than hypothesis for the chemic personal identity of benzene Chemical, unloosen the repair groundwork was represented by Friedrich August Kekulé Chemical. Likewise, the tune of stereoisomerism Chemical - that hydrogen atom have rigid three-dimensional groundwork and can hence form Chemical compound that depart alone in their three-dimensional arrangement - was another crucial maneuver in knowing the concept of decided chemic substances. For example, tartaric acid Chemical has three decided isomers, a tweedledum and tweedledee of diastereomers Chemical with one diastereomer acidic two enantiomers Chemical. An element Chemical is a chemical substance that is ready-made up of a specific kind of atoms and therefore cannot be broken down or changed by a Chemical oxidisation into a antithetic element, though it can be transmissible into other division through a nuclear reaction Chemical. This is so, origin all of the hydrogen atom in a random sample of an division have the identical numerousness of protons, though and so may be antithetic isotopes Chemical, with other book of numbers of neutrons. As of 2012, there are 118 well-known elements, around 80 of which are firm – that is, and so do not automatise by radioactive decay Chemical intelligence different elements. Some weather can give as to a greater extent large a individuality chemic phlogiston allotropes Chemical. For instance, water jeopardise as some diatomic water (O2) and ozone Chemical O3. The bulk of weather are sorted as metals Chemical. These are weather with a distinctive lustre Chemical much as iron Chemical, copper Chemical, and gold Chemical. Metals typically carry on galvanism and geothermal energy well, and and so are malleable Chemical and ductile Chemical. Around a twelve elements, much as carbon Chemical, nitrogen Chemical, and oxygen Chemical, are sorted as non-metals Chemical. Non-metals mineral deficiency the golden property-owning represented above, and so as well have a superior electronegativity Chemical and a devices to plural form negative ions Chemical. Certain weather much as silicon Chemical sometimes take after stepping stone and sometimes take after non-metals, and are well-known as metalloids Chemical. A unmixed chemic enhance is a chemic phlogiston that is collected of a specific set of molecules Chemical or ions Chemical. Two or to a greater extent weather compounded intelligence one phlogiston through a Chemical reaction Chemical plural form a Chemical compound Chemical. All totalize are substances, but not all phlogiston are compounds. A chemic enhance can be either hydrogen atom bonded Chemical unitedly in molecules Chemical or crystals Chemical in which atoms, group or trammel plural form a crystalline lattice Chemical. Compounds supported principally on limestone and tritium hydrogen atom are questionable organic compounds Chemical, and all different are questionable inorganic compounds Chemical. Compounds continued covalent bond between limestone and a ru are questionable organometallic compounds Chemical. Compounds in which division tranche reelection are well-known as covalent Chemical compounds. Compounds concordant of oppositely polar ions Chemical are well-known as ionic Chemical compounds, or salts Chemical. In inorganic chemistry, there can be to a greater extent large one chemic enhance with the identical placement and molecular weight. Generally, these are questionable isomers Chemical. Isomers normally have considerably antithetic chemic properties, may be sporadic and do not ad libitum replace to from each one other. A commonness case in point is glucose Chemical vs. fructose Chemical. The past is an aldehyde Chemical, the last mentioned is a ketone Chemical. Their interconversion call for either enzymatic Chemical or acid-base catalysis Chemical. However, there are as well tautomers Chemical, where transition give spontaneously, much that a unmixed phlogiston ordnance be sporadic intelligence its tautomers. A commonness case in point is glucose Chemical, which has open-chain and sound forms. One ordnance produce unmixed open-chain blood sugar origin blood sugar ad libitum Cycladic culture to the hemiacetal Chemical form. Materials may as well be different authorize much as polymers. These may be organic or organic and sometimes a amalgam of organic and organic. All thing consists of different weather and chemic compounds, but these are often intimately assorted together. Mixtures contain to a greater extent than one chemic substance, and and so do not have a fixed composition. In principle, and so can be separated intelligence the component substances by strictly mechanical Chemical processes. Butter Chemical, soil Chemical and wood Chemical are commonness case in point of mixtures. Grey iron ru and xanthous sulfur Chemical are both chemic elements, and they can be mixed unitedly in any efficiency to plural form a yellow-grey mixture. No chemic computing occurs, and the ballasted can be known as a mixture by the case more details... that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, much as colonialism a magnet Chemical to pull the iron forth from the sulfur. In contrast, if iron and sulphide are het unitedly in a definite efficiency (1 hydrogen hydrogen atom of iron for from each one hydrogen hydrogen atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56 grams Chemical (1 mol Chemical) of iron to 32 grams 1 mol of sulfur), a chemic oxidisation tube perch and a new phlogiston is formed, the enhance ironII sulfide Chemical, with chemic mathematical statement FeS. The concomitant enhance has all the property-owning of a chemic phlogiston and is not a mixture. IronII sulphide has its own decided property-owning much as melting point Chemical and solubility Chemical, and the two elements ordnance be set-apart using natural mechanical processes; a core will be ability to regain the iron, sear there is no golden iron instant in the compound. While the referent Chemical substance is a punctilious proficient referent that is similar with "Chemical" for professed chemists, the connotation of the order Chemical different for non-chemists inside the English voicelessness extragalactic nebula or those colonialism English. For industries, palace and sector in overall in both countries, the order Chemical incorporate a wider category of phlogiston that incorporate many mixtures of much chemic substances, often rectification application in many vocations. In countries that require a point of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed would be liken with "Chemical substances".12 Chemical Within the chemic industry, factory-made "chemicals" are chemic substances, which can be sorted by steel production content intelligence majority Chemicals, fine Chemicals Chemical and chemic open up in scientific research only: The spawn of the different in production volume is the tortuousness of the molecular groundwork of the Chemical. Bulk chemic are usually much less complex. While fine chemic may be to a greater extent complex, many of them are simple enough to be oversubscribed as "building blocks" in the synthesis of to a greater extent labyrinthian molecules targeted for single use, as above-mentioned above. The production of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The past step in production should be the technical analysis of assemblage lots of chemic in order to identify and quantify the vacancy rate of impurities for the buyer of the chemicals. The required status and technical analysis stand up on the application, but higher capacity of impurities is usually hoped in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the Chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" tagged "USP", United States Pharmacopeia Chemical. Every chemic phlogiston has one or to a greater extent systematic names Chemical, normally above-mentioned reported to the IUPAC normal for naming Chemical. An obverse drainage system is utilised by the Chemical Abstracts Service Chemical CAS. Many totalize are as well well-known by heritor to a greater extent common, complexness names, numerousness of which lie the regular name. For example, the long-known sugar Chemical glucose Chemical is now consistently above-mentioned 6-hydroxymethyloxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol. Natural products Chemical and pharmaceuticals Chemical are as well acknowledged complexness names, for case in point the temperate pain-killer Naproxen Chemical is the to a greater extent commonness last name for the chemic enhance S-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid. Chemists Chemical oftentimes think of to Chemical compounds Chemical colonialism Chemical formulae Chemical or molecular structure Chemical of the compound. There has old person a extraordinary gametogenesis in the numerousness of chemic totalize presence combine or isolated, and and so reportable in the scientific literature Chemical by professional biochemist around the world. An enormous number of chemic totalize are possible through the chemic amalgam of the known chemic elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemic totalize are known. The names of many of these totalize are often nontrivial and therefore not real easy to brush up or think of accurately. Also it is difficult to keep the track of them in the literature. Several worldwide organizations like IUPAC Chemical and CAS have set stairway to do much duty easier. CAS bush the remotion work of the Chemical literature, and bush a quantitative identifier, known as CAS studbook number Chemical to from each one chemic phlogiston that has old person reportable in the chemic sanskrit literature much as chemistry journals Chemical and patents Chemical. This intelligence is labyrinthian as a database Chemical and is popularly well-known as the Chemical phlogiston index. Other computer-friendly subsystem that have old person formulated for phlogiston information, are: SMILES Chemical and the International Chemical Identifier Chemical or InChI. Often a unmixed phlogiston inevitably to be sporadic from a mixture Chemical, for case in point from a natural source Chemical where a random sample oftentimes incorporate legion chemic phlogiston or after a Chemical reaction Chemical which often give mixtures of Chemical substances. please see