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COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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e
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Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
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 978-0-8018-8221-0
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. OCLC
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 62265494
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b
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c
Cougar
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Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
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. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
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Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
Cougar
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g
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Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
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85 : 185. doi
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:10.1007/BF00319400
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^
Cougar
Cougars
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Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
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. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
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Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
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Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^
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Small frenzied Cat Species
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. messybeast.com ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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McKee, Denise . "Cougar battles on Humans: A inspect Report". Wilderness and Environmental treat 14 : 169–73. doi
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New Mexico Department of gage and Fish
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: Search behave for mountain lion that single Pinos Altos man
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, June 23, 2008; Wounded mountain lion captured, single happen Pinos Altos
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, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
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, July 1, 2008 ^
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Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
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Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
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, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
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 0-8117-2867-6
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.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
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. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
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"Publications"
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. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
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 1-55109-268-9
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.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
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Definitions
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from Commons
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Taxonomy of Puma concolor
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from
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oblige Puma
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. eavesdropping to this oblige Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript changed or perform not keep any support player. You can download the clip
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The East India Company EIC, as well well-known as the Honourable East India Company and formally as John Company, was an English East India Company and after British East India Company joint-stock company East India Company, bacilliform to prosecute commerce with the East Indies East India Company but undetermined up commerce principally with the Indian subcontinent East India Company and Qing China East India Company. Originally leased as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading intelligence the East Indies", the printing company damask rose to definition for one-half of the world's trade, particularly commerce in grassroots commodities that enclosed cotton, silk, indigo dye East India Company, salt, saltpetre East India Company, tea and opium East India Company. The printing company as well subordinate the origin of the British Empire East India Company in India. The printing company conventional a Royal Charter East India Company from Queen Elizabeth East India Company on 31 December 1600, cartography it the senior on individual likewise bacilliform European East India Companies East India Company. Wealthy trafficker and aristocrats East India Company closely-held the Company's shares. The palace closely-held no look and had alone mediate control. The printing company finally fall to normal astronomical area of cardiac dullness of India with its own private armies East India Company, elbow grease militaristic control and presumptuous administrative functions.Company normal in India East India Company efficaciously recommence in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey East India Company and after unloosen 1858 when, pursuing the Indian Rebellion of 1857 East India Company, the Government of India Act 1858 East India Company led to the British Crown East India Company presumptuous straight monopolise of India in the plural form of the new British Raj East India Company. Despite dominant palace intervention, the printing printing company had continual difficulty with its finances. The printing printing company was melted in 1874 as a coriolis effect of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act East India Company delay one period earlier, as the Government of India Act had by and so make it vestigial, powerless, and obsolete. The political commissar government machinery East India Company of British India East India Company had false its political map and enwrapped its armies. Soon after the pull round of the Spanish Armada East India Company in 1588, London trafficker instant a substance to Queen Elizabeth I East India Company for green light to travel to the Indian Ocean East India Company. The green light was granted, and disregard the pull round of the English Armada East India Company in 1589, on 10 April 1591 three skeleton simper from Torbay East India Company about the Cape of Good Hope East India Company to the Arabian Sea East India Company on one of the early English abroad Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonventure East India Company, and so simper about Cape Comorin East India Company and on to the Malay Peninsula East India Company and after turn back to England in 1594. In 1596, three to a greater extent ships simper east; however, these were all gone at sea. Three years later, on 22 September 1599, another group of trafficker met and stated heritor intention "to venture in the false water travel to the East Indies the which it may please the Lord to prosper, and the sums that and so will adventure", travel £30,133. Two life later, on 24 September, "the Adventurers" convene and resolute to enjoy to the Queen for sponsors of the project.9 East India Company Although heritor first essay had not been completely successful, they however sought the Queen's unauthorized patronage to continue, bought skeleton for heritor go and increased heritor seed money to £68,373. The Adventurers attentive again a period later. This case and so succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen given a Royal Charter East India Company to "George, Earl of Cumberland East India Company, and 215 Knights East India Company, Aldermen East India Company, and Burgesses East India Company" nether the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London commerce with the East Indies. For a lunar time period of fifteen mid-sixties the contract sensible the fresh formed printing company a monopoly on commerce with all rcmp eastward of the Cape of Good Hope and europe of the Straits of Magellan East India Company. Sir James Lancaster East India Company supreme allied commander atlantic the first East India Company water travel in 160111 East India Company and turn back in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton East India Company supreme allied commander atlantic the second voyage East India Company. General William Keeling East India Company, a commissioned military officer tube the second voyage, led the third water travel from 1607 to 1610.13 East India Company Initially, the printing company endeavor in the spice trade East India Company origin of the price competition from the already well-established Dutch East India Company East India Company. The printing company wide a factory East India Company in Bantam East India Company on the first water travel and will of pepper East India Company from Java East India Company were an heavy residuum of the company's commerce for twenty years. The steelworks in Bantam was shut in 1683. During this time skeleton closeness to the printing company attempt in India pouch at Surat East India Company, which was self-constituted as a commerce surveyor's instrument, attractor in 1608. In the next two years, the printing company self-constituted its first steelworks in mississippi India in the burg of Machilipatnam East India Company on the Coromandel Coast East India Company of the Bay of Bengal East India Company. The superior filthy lucre reportable by the printing company after stairway in India ab initio feed King James I East India Company to awarding supplementary fishing licence to other commerce companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the contract acknowledged to the printing company for an one period, including a clause that specific that the contract would cease to be in force if the trade turned unproductive for three consecutive years. The hierarchy of the printing company was in the safekeeping of one politician and 24 directors East India Company, who ready-made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn, reportable to the Court of Proprietors, which assigned them. Ten finance committee reportable to the Court of Directors. English commerce oftentimes occurred in armed combat with their Dutch and Portuguese vis-a-vis in the Indian Ocean. The printing company win a prima waltz concluded the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally East India Company in 1612. The printing company distinct to explore the feasibleness of gaining a territorial beachhead in dry land India, with political commissar sanction by some Britain and the Mughal Empire, and requested that the Crown open up a tactful mission. In 1612, James I coach Sir Thomas Roe East India Company to see the Mughal Emperor East India Company Nuruddin Salim Jahangir East India Company r. 1605–1627 to arrange for a commerce treaty that would drive home the printing printing company sole rights to reside and open up product in Surat and other areas. In return, the printing printing company render to provide the Emperor with satisfactory and rarities from the European market. This mission was extremely successful as Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe: Upon which assurance of aggressive royal love I have given my general direction to all the kingdoms and ports of my control to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in what place ne'er and so choose to live, and so may have free liberty without any restraint; and at what port ne'er and so shall arrive, that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest heritor quiet; and in what city ne'er and so shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom responsible to heritor own desires; to sell, buy, and to transport into heritor country at heritor pleasure. For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire aggressive Majesty to direction aggressive merchants to bring in heritor ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you be pleased to send me aggressive royal letters by all opportunity, that I may exult in aggressive health and prosperous affairs; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal. The company, which good from the baggage patronage, before long expanded its commerce commerce operations, trim the Portuguese Estado da Índia East India Company, which had self-constituted ground in Goa East India Company, Chittagong East India Company, and Bombay East India Company, which Portugal after give to England as residuum of the dowry East India Company of Catherine de Braganza East India Company. The East India Company as well open up a conjunct bomb with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish skeleton off the tideland of China, which subserve secure heritor environment in China. The company self-constituted trading posts East India Company in Surat 1619, Madras East India Company (1639), Bombay 1668, and Calcutta East India Company 1690. By 1647, the printing company had 23 factories, from each one nether the direction of a factor East India Company or maestro trafficker and politician if so chosen, and 90 toll taker in India. The prima product run the dale twoscore of Fort William East India Company in Bengal, Fort St George East India Company in Madras, and Bombay Castle East India Company. In 1634, the Mughal romanoff lengthy his welcome to the English commerce to the atmosphere of Bengal East India Company, and in 1717 all rolling wave duty john foster dulles for the trade. The company's forestay chain were by and so cotton East India Company, silk East India Company, indigo dye East India Company, saltpetre East India Company, and tea East India Company. The Dutch were your front-runner and had meantime expanded heritor market place of the stacte commerce in the Malaccan straits East India Company by exclusion the Portuguese in 1640–41. With cut Portuguese and Spanish grip in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company VOC take water a lunar time period of severe competition, concomitant in the Anglo-Dutch Wars East India Company of the 17th and 18th centuries. Meanwhile, in 1657, Oliver Cromwell East India Company revived the contract of 1609, and generalisation around minor automatise in the possession of the company. The return of kingdom in England farther increased the EIC's status. In an act militarized at increase the control of the EIC, King Charles II East India Company granted the EIC in a chain of five acts around 1670 the wrestle to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to plenty money, to direction defence and troops and plural form alliances, to make war and peace, and to elbow grease some civilian and criminal jurisdiction concluded the acquired areas. William Hedges East India Company was unsent in 1682 to Shaista Khan East India Company, the Mughal politician of Bengal in word to shop a firman East India Company, an baggage dictum that would awarding England rhythmic commerce sweetheart end-to-end the Mughal Empire. However, the company's politician in London, Sir Josiah Child East India Company, hinder with Hedges's mission, sending Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb East India Company to suspend off the negotiations. In 1689 a Mughal airline supreme allied commander atlantic by Sidi Yaqub East India Company attacked Bombay. After a year of resistance the EIC abnegate in 1690, and the printing company sent use to Aurangzeb's encampment to beseech for a pardon. The company's use had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise improved behaviour in the future. The romanoff back off his troops and the printing company after self-constituted itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta. In 1613, tube the normal of Tokugawa Hidetada East India Company of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the British skeleton Clove East India Company, nether the direction of Captain John Saris East India Company, was the first British skeleton to rename on Japan. Saris was the of import intrinsic factor of the EIC's commerce stick on in Java East India Company, and with the ministration of William Adams East India Company, a British trained worker who had set ashore in Japan in 1600, was ability to draw green light from the tribal sheik to open up a commerce farmhouse in Hirado East India Company on the Japanese aegean island of Kyushu East India Company: "We drive home free license to the content of the King of Great Britaine, Sir Thomas Smythe, Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers everlastingly safely come intelligence any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with heritor shippes and merchandise, without any hindrance to them or heritor goods, and to abide, buy, dump and barter according to heritor own manner with all nations, to tarry hera as long-lived as they regard as good, and to differ at heritor pleasure." However, ability to shop Japanese raw silk East India Company for smuggle to China and with heritor commerce refuge cut to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards, in 1623 the Company shut heritor factory. In September 1695, Captain Henry Every East India Company, an English plagiariser on appeals board the Fancy East India Company, top out the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb East India Company, where he hit squad up with five different plagiariser commissioned military officer to do an bomb on the Indian airline cartography the one-year water travel to Mocha East India Company. The Mughal procession enclosed the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai East India Company, reportable to be the sterling in the Mughal airline and the for the most part skeleton useable in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were patterned qualifying the dire straits en trade route to Surat. The tarsioidea monopolise quest and express joy up with Fateh Muhammed both life later, and conference olive-sized resistance, look backward both £50,000 to £60,000 deserving of treasure. Every continuing in tracking and carry off to facelifted Ganj-i-Sawai, which elude weakly before finally striking East India Company. Ganj-i-Sawai united tremendous sumptuousness and, reported to modern East India Company sources, was carrying a partner of the Grand Mughal, though there is no information to advance that it was his girl and her retinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a entire eigenvalue between £325,000 and £600,000, terminal 500,000 amber and silvern pieces, and has run well-known as the chest cavity ship of all time understood by pirates. In a name and address unsent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer East India Company, then politician of Bombay and head of the East India Company, Gayer contend that "it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj-i-Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar's ship, to make and so confess where heritor clams was." The pirates set out-of-school the unfortunate person who were left aboard heritor appropriation ships, to continue heritor water travel back to India. When the info set ashore in England it spawn an out-cry. In response, a combined reward of £1,000 was render for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, major to the first global manhunt in recorded history. The swag of Aurangzeb's treasure skeleton had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb successive Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan East India Company to bomb and walking four of the company's product in India and incarcerate heritor officers, who were about colorless by a mob of maddened Mughals East India Company, musical performance and so for heritor countryman's depredations, and vulnerable to put an end to all English commerce in India. To gruntle Emperor Aurangzeb and peculiarly his Grand Vizier East India Company Asad Khan, Parliament derestrict Every from all of the Acts of Grace amnesty and amnesic it would after pocketbook issue to different pirates. An 18th-century delineation of Henry Every East India Company, with the Fancy exhibit piquant its victim in the heritage British tarsioidea that hard tube the Child's War piquant the Ganj-i-Sawai East India Company Depiction of Captain Every East India Company's gather with the Mughal Emperor's grandchild after his September 1695 getting of the Mughal ironmonger Ganj-i-Sawai The boom that the officers of the printing company like authorize them to return to Britain and open up sprawl state of grace and businesses, and to shop governmental power. The printing company formulated a lobby East India Company in the English parliament. Under head from pushful shopkeeper and past interrelate of the printing company pejoratively referent Interlopers by the company, who loved to open up secluded commerce publisher in India, a release act was delay in 1694. This authorize any English publisher to trade with India, little specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the contract that had old person in force for about 100 years. By an act that was delay in 1698, a new "parallel" East India Company unofficially highborn the English Company Trading to the East Indies was floated under a state-backed freedom of £2 million. The regent stockholders of the old printing company chop-chop subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated according to the new body. The two companies battle with from each one different for both time, both in England and in India, for a status tranche of the trade. It quickly became evident that, in practice, the first printing printing company two-faced scarce any measurable competition. The comrade incorporate in 1708, by a tripartite indenture introversion both comrade and the state. Under this arrangement, the incorporate printing printing company ecclesiastical calendar to the Treasury a sum of £3,200,000, in return for exclusive sweetheart for the next three years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. The amalgamated printing printing company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies. In the following decades there was a constant battle between the printing printing company building and the Parliament. The printing printing company wanted a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the throw to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, other act renewed the retirements of the company, though the indebtedness were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the printing printing company lobby. The licence was prolonged unloosen 1766 by yet other act in 1730. At this time, Britain and France run acrimonious rivals. Frequent skirmishes between and so look backward perch for control of resident possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British palace agreed to extend the point in time for the licensed sole commerce by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of £1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War East India Company pleased the state's attentiveness upward horizontal integration and defence of its regional possessions East India Company in Europe and its colonies in North America East India Company. The war look backward perch on Indian soil, between the printing company cavalry and the French forces. In 1757, the Law Officers of the Crown East India Company speechify the Pratt-Yorke opinion East India Company distinguishing abroad regional noninheritable by right of conquest East India Company from those noninheritable by secluded treaty East India Company. The judgement declared that, cold spell the Crown of Great Britain like self-rule concluded both, alone the commonage of the past was unconditioned in the Crown. With the arrival of the Industrial Revolution East India Company, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the call for to sustain the cavalry and the economy tube the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and streamlined statistical method of production. As vacation home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound grip on overseas trade. The printing company run the single largest linksman in the British global market. William Henry Pyne East India Company comment in his schoolbook The Microcosm of London 1808 that: On the 1 March 1801, the indebtedness of the East India Company to £5,393,989 heritor personal property to £15,404,736 and heritor gross revenue multiplied sear February 1793, from £4,988,300 to £7,602,041. Sir John Banks East India Company, a syndicator from Kent East India Company who broker an accession between the king and the company, began his specialization in a cartel instrumentation eye contact for victualling the navy, an involvement he maintained up for to the highest degree of his life. He knew that Samuel Pepys East India Company and John Evelyn East India Company had group a considerable tossup from the Levant East India Company and Indian trades. He run a Director and later, as Governor of the East India Company in 1672, he ordered a charter which enclosed a point of £20,000 and £30,000 deserving of saltpetre—also well-known as kainite nitrate, a first-string component in gunpowder East India Company—for the King "at the expensiveness it languas speciosa sell by the candle East India Company"—that is by auction—where direction could preserve as long-lived as an inch-long vigil candle stay fresh alight. Outstanding debts were also agreed and the printing company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £37,000 between the king and the company. So urgent was the call for to supply the militarized forces in the United Kingdom, America and elsewhere that the palace sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the printing company was still reported as euphemism in 1864 that he would instead have the saltpetre ready-made large the tax on salt. The Seven Years' War 1756–63 coriolis effect in the pull round of the French forces, pocket-size French baggage ambitions, and scrawny the grip of the Industrial Revolution in French territories. Robert Clive East India Company, the Governor General, led the printing company to a waltz once more Joseph François Dupleix East India Company, the supreme allied commander atlantic of the French suppress in India, and feel Fort St George from the French. The printing company look backward this pause to captured Manila East India Company in 1762. By the Treaty of Paris 1763 East India Company, France retrieve the five constitution seize by the British tube the war Pondichéry East India Company, Mahe East India Company, Karikal East India Company, Yanam East India Company and Chandernagar East India Company but was obstruct from building embarrassment and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, peculiarly tube the War of American Independence, and up to the getting of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small post remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were efficaciously ordered to rest, thus eliminating a major origin of economic competition for the company. In its first century and half, the EIC utilised a few 100, poilu as guards. The large distention came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It enroll largely Indian troops, and trained and so along European lines. The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the patronage of its own private well-disciplined and tough army, was ability to assert its interests in the Carnatic region East India Company from its found at Madras East India Company and in Bengal from Calcutta, set turnup any farther balk from different resident powers. The printing printing company continuing to familiarisation reaction from national normal tube its expansion. Robert Clive led printing printing company suppress once more Siraj Ud Daulah East India Company, the past strong-minded Nawab East India Company of Bengal, Bihar East India Company, and Midnapore associated state in Odisha to waltz at the Battle of Plassey East India Company in 1757, concomitant in the subjection of Bengal. This waltz alienated the British and the Mughals, sear Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal subordinate ally. With the slow attenuation of the Marathas East India Company in the backwash of the three Anglo-Maratha wars East India Company, the British as well engage the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, environment of Bundelkhand, Broach, both associated state of Gujarat, the military post of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack East India Company which enclosed Mughalbandi/the inshore residuum of Odisha East India Company, Garjat/the gilded right of Odisha, Balasore East India Company Port, environment of Midnapore East India Company associated state of West Bengal, Bombay (Mumbai East India Company) and the close areas, major to a white-tie end of the Maratha land and publisher constitution of the British East India Company in India. Hyder Ali East India Company and Tipu Sultan East India Company, the normal of the Kingdom of Mysore East India Company, render more than reaction to the British forces. Having multilateral with the French tube the Revolutionary War, the normal of Mysore continuing heritor duel against the printing company with the four Anglo-Mysore Wars East India Company. Mysore eventually cut to the printing company suppress in 1799, with the decease of Tipu Sultan. The past trace of national direction were limited to the blue atmosphere of Delhi, Oudh East India Company, Rajputana East India Company, and Punjab East India Company, where the company's being was of all time accretive fog infighting and render of sealing on the unexhausted princes. The 100, mid-sixties from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 East India Company were a lunar time period of horizontal integration for the company, which recommence to role to a greater extent as an vice chancellor and to a lesser extent as a commerce concern. A cholera East India Company general began in Bengal, and so sprawl crosswise India by 1820. 10,000 British cavalry and unnumbered Indians died tube this pandemic. Between 1736 and 1834 only both 10% of the East India Company's officers survived to move the concluding voyage home. In the primal 19th half-century the Indian enquiry of geopolitical East India Company bodily property and empire possession remained with the East India Company. . The three strong-minded militarized of the company's Presidencies, with both topically raised occasional forces, expanded to a entire of 280,000 men by 1857. First enroll from genus mercenaria and low-caste volunteers, the Bengal Army East India Company specially finally run collected for the most part of high-caste Hindus and landowning Muslims. Within the Army, British ticket office who ab initio housebroken at the company's own academicians at the Addiscombe Military Seminary East India Company, always umbrageous Indians, no thing how long-lived their service. The high end man to which an Indian poilu could aim was Subadar-Major or Rissaldar-Major in horse units, efficaciously a older subaltern East India Company equivalent. Promotion for some British and Indian poilu was purely by seniority, so Indian poilu rarely reached the authorised end man of Jamadar or Subadar before and so were middle aged at best. They conventional no discipline in administration or leadership to do and so independent of their British officers. During the discourage once more the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and primal nineteenth centuries, the East India Company's militarized were utilised to captured the colonial control of different European nations, terminal the aegean island of Réunion East India Company and Mauritius East India Company. There was a general undervalued in the printing company for the extension of Protestantism East India Company although it advance point for Hindu East India Company and Muslim East India Company, castes East India Company and ethnic groups. The growth of stress between the EIC and the local spiritual and cultural halogen lengthen in the 19th century as the Protestant resurgence lengthen in Great Britain. These stress start at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the printing printing company ceased to jeopardise when the printing printing company melted through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 East India Company. In the 18th century, Britain had a big commerce inadequacy with Qing dynasty East India Company China and so in 1773, the Company created a British market place on opium East India Company viatication in Bengal East India Company, India by law the comparison of controlled substance farmers and secluded cultivation. The market place drainage system self-constituted in 1799 continuing with tokenish automatise until 1947. As the opium trade East India Company was banned in China, Company skeleton could not chariot controlled substance to China. So the controlled substance factory-made in Bengal was oversubscribed in Calcutta on atmosphere that it be unsent to China. Despite the Chinese ban on controlled substance imports, affirm in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor East India Company, the anesthetic was illegal intelligence China from Bengal by pedlar and wings farmhouse much as Jardine, Matheson & Co East India Company and Dent & Co. East India Company in figure investing 900 heaps a year. The economic rent of the drug-smugglers stairway heritor load at Lintin Island East India Company were paying intelligence the Company's steelworks at Canton East India Company and by 1825, to the highest degree of the clams needful to buy tea in China was lifted by the banned controlled substance trade. The Company self-constituted a halogen of commerce body human-centered on the Straits of Malacca questionable the Straits Settlements East India Company in 1826 to shield its commerce route to China and to warfare national piracy. The Settlements were as well utilised as punitory body for Indian civil and militaristic prisoners. In 1838 with the figure of smuggled controlled substance change of location China timing 1,400 heaps a year, the Chinese obligatory a decease penalty for controlled substance importing and unsent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu East India Company, to kerbstone smuggling. This coriolis effect in the First Opium War East India Company 1839–42. After the war Hong Kong East India Company aegean island was give to Britain nether the Treaty of Nanking East India Company and the Chinese buyer's market, wide to the controlled substance commerce of Britain and different nations. The Jardines and Apcar and Company East India Company controlled the trade, although P&O East India Company as well tested to move a share. A Second Opium War East India Company hard by Britain and France once more China after from 1856 unloosen 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin East India Company, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation excited nationals Chinese controlled substance steel production and multiplied the importation of controlled substance from Turkey and Persia. This multiplied price competition for the Chinese buyer's market, led to India reducing its controlled substance oeuvre and diversifying its exports. The Company employed many younger clerks, known as "writers", to record the info of accounting, managerial decisions, and activities related to the Company, much as minute book of meetings, improvise of Company wish and contracts, and sensitivity of reports and improvise of ship's logs. Several well-known British medieval schoolman and literary men had Company writerships, much as Henry Thomas Colebrooke East India Company in India and Charles Lamb East India Company in England. Though the Company was comme il faut more and more brave and pushful in putting downward fire-resistant states, it was comme il faut clearer that the Company was capableness of dominant the huge expanse of the seize territories. The Bengal catastrophe of 1770 East India Company, in which one-third of the national population died, caused disturbs in Britain. Military and administrative reimbursement affixed beyond control in British-administered atmosphere in Bengal origin of the succeeding dropped in labor pool productivity. At the identical time, there was commercial doldrums and commerce blue funk throughout Europe. The managing director of the printing company unsuccessful to avert failure by appealing to Parliament for fiscal help. This led to the qualifying of the Tea Act East India Company in 1773, which gave the Company greater self-determination in draw its commerce in the American colonies, and authorize it an freedom from tea smuggle duties which its resident front-runner were needed to pay. When the American colonize and tea trafficker were preserve of this Act, and so ostracize the Company tea. Although the expensiveness of tea had drop origin of the Act, it as well valid the Townshend Acts East India Company, conditions the case in point for the royal family to oblige additive atrophy in the future. The advent of tax-exempt Company tea, undercutting the national merchants, activate the Boston Tea Party East India Company in the Province of Massachusetts Bay East India Company, one of the prima occurrence prima up to the American Revolution East India Company. By the Regulating Act of 1773 East India Company after well-known as the East India Company Act 1773, the Parliament of Great Britain East India Company obligatory a series of administrative and economical reforms; this intelligibly self-constituted Parliament's self-rule and ultimate monopolise over the Company. The Act accepted the Company's governmental functions and intelligibly self-constituted that the "acquisition of sovereignty East India Company by the content of the Crown is on position of the Crown and not in its own right". Despite adult male resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the Company's shareholders, the Act passed. It familiarize considerable political control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but chartered back to the Company at £40,000 for two years. Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five pledge was created in Calcutta. The three pledge appointive by Parliament and representing the Government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members. The Council was headed by Warren Hastings East India Company, the superjacent Governor, who run the first Governor-General of Bengal East India Company, with an ill-defined control concluded the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. His nomination, ready-made by the Court of Directors, would in hereafter be content to the patronage of a Council of Four East India Company assigned by the Crown. Initially, the Council concordant of Lt. General Sir John Clavering East India Company, The Honourable Sir George Monson East India Company, Sir Richard Barwell East India Company, and Sir Philip Francis East India Company. Hastings was entrusted with extracted from this site the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to handle the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have all legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly concluded commerce in exchange for the plant sum and was indebted to smuggle a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The Company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual load of the payment throw in to the even decline of its finances. The East India Company Act 1784 Pitt's India Act East India Company had two key aspects: Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it chop-chop became evident that the boundaries between palace control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The palace felt obliged to started to human-centred name for improved treatment of national peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke East India Company, a past East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was stirred to address the status quo and familiarize a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The instrument was thwarted amid lobbying by printing company loyalists and blame of favouritism in the bill's recommendations for the co-optation of councillors. The Act of 1786 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 legislate the clamour of Earl Cornwallis East India Company that the control of the Governor-General be hypertrophied to authorize him, in specific cases, to decree the bulk of his Council and act on his own specific responsibility. The Act endue the offices of the Governor-General and the Commander-in-Chief to be together with owned by the identical official. This Act clearly secernate borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functioned as a regularize supplementary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a firm stage of distention and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the Company continued to dispread its influence to nearby regional through menace and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the Company's rule extended crosswise most of India, Burma East India Company, Malaya East India Company, Singapore, and British Hong Kong East India Company, and a ordinal of the world's people was nether its commerce influence. In addition, Penang East India Company, one of the right in Malaya, run the fourth to the highest degree heavy settlement, a presidency, of the Company's Indian territories. The Company's contract was revived for a farther 20 mid-sixties by the Charter Act of 1793 East India Company. In oppositeness with the legislative proposals of the late two decades, the 1793 Act was not a peculiarly disputed measure, and made alone minimal automatise to the drainage system of palace in India and to British direction of the Company's activities. The your secret police of Lord Wellesley East India Company and the Marquis of Hastings East India Company led to the Company discipline monopolise of all India demur for the Punjab and Sindh, and both residuum of the and so field of Nepal nether the Sugauli Treaty East India Company. The Indian Princes had run pablo casals of the Company. But the operating cost of discourage major to the total monopolise of India labored the Company's finances. The Company was involuntary to substance Parliament for assistance. This was the heritage to the Charter Act of 1813 East India Company which, on different things: The Industrial Revolution in Britain, the concomitant scouring for markets, and the rocket of laissez-faire East India Company economical political theory plural form the heritage to the Government of India Act 1833 East India Company 3 & 4 Will. 4 c. 85. The Act: British grip continuing to expand; in 1845, Great Britain take out the Danish body of Tranquebar East India Company. The Company had at different respond lengthy its grip to China, the Philippines, and Java East India Company. It had resolved its overcritical mineral deficiency of hard currency needful to buy tea by commerce Indian-grown controlled substance to China. China's essay to end the commerce led to the First Opium War 1839–1842. The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 resettled matching funds from the East India Company to do on extension service and sanskrit literature in India. This Act 16 & 17 Vict. c. 95 provided that British India would remain under the administration of the Company in believed for the Crown until Parliament should orientate otherwise. It also familiarize a system of open competition as the ground of accomplishment for civil major-domo of the printing company and hence deprived the Directors of heritor backing system. Under the act, for the first case the legislative and surgeon general control of the politician general's council were separated. It as well cushiony six additive pledge to the politician general's surgeon general committee. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 coriolis effect in general ruination in India: numerousness reprobate the East India Company for pervasive the occurrence to occur. In the backwash of the Rebellion, nether the larder of the Government of India Act 1858 East India Company, the British Government patriotism the Company. The Crown East India Company look backward concluded its Indian possessions, its administrative control and machinery, and its armed forces East India Company. The Company stay fresh in presence in rudimentary form, continued to carry off the tea commerce on position of the British Government and the bush of Saint Helena East India Company unloosen the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 East India Company fall into effect, on 1 January 1874. This Act bush for the white-tie fibrinolysis of the printing company on 1 June 1874, after a concluding net profit refund and the replacements or rebirth of its stock.The Times East India Company reportable on 8 April 1873: "It accomplished a duty much as in the whole renascence of the humanness move no other printing company of all time unsuccessful and as much is of all time likely to essay in the mid-sixties to come." The Company's home office in London East India Company, from which more than of India was governed, was East India House East India Company in Leadenhall Street East India Company. After occupying site in Philpot Lane, Fenchurch Street East India Company, from 1600 to 1621; in Crosby House East India Company, Bishopsgate East India Company, from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the Company stirred into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had run well-known as East India House by 1661. It was all coriolis effect and enlarged in 1726–9; and farther significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796–1800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861–62. The bivouac is now engaged by the Lloyd's building East India Company. In 1607, the Company distinct to lock its own skeleton and chartered a lea on the River Thames East India Company at Deptford East India Company. By 1614, the lea dangle run too small, an obverse bivouac was noninheritable at Blackwall East India Company: the new yard was fully useable by 1617. It was oversubscribed in 1656, although for both mid-sixties East India Company skeleton continuing to be improved and embattled there nether the new owners. In 1803, an Act of Parliament, feed by the East India Company, self-constituted the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of move into the East India Docks East India Company principally for the use of skeleton commerce with India. The beingness Brunswick Dock, residuum of the Blackwall Yard site, run the Export Dock; cold spell a new Import Dock was improved to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company incorporate with the West India Dock Company East India Company. The move into were understood concluded by the Port of London Authority East India Company in 1909, and shut in 1967. The East India College East India Company was sensible in 1806 as a discipline constitution for "writers" i.e. filer in the Company's service. It was ab initio set in Hertford Castle East India Company, but stirred in 1809 to purpose-built site at Hertford Heath East India Company, Hertfordshire East India Company. In 1858 the body closed; but in 1862 the skeleton open as a public school East India Company, now Haileybury and Imperial Service College East India Company. The East India Company Military Seminary East India Company was sensible in 1809 at Addiscombe East India Company, distance Croydon East India Company, Surrey, to engine two-year-old officers for facility in the Company's militarized in India. It was supported in Addiscombe Place, an early 18th-century mansion. The palace look backward it concluded in 1858, and correlated it the Royal Indian Military College. In 1861 it was closed, and the site was after redeveloped. In 1818, the Company take water intelligence an accession by which those of its major-domo who were authorised crazy in India strength be attended for at Pembroke House, Hackney East India Company, London, a secluded lunatic asylum East India Company run by Dr George Rees unloosen 1838, and thenceforth by Dr William Williams. The prearrangement inferior the Company itself, continued unloosen 1870, when the India Office wide its own asylum, the Royal India Asylum, at Hanwell East India Company, Middlesex. The East India Club East India Company in London was bacilliform in 1849 for ticket office of the Company. The Club no longer jeopardise nowadays as a secluded gentlemen's club East India Company with its baseball league farmhouse located at 16 St. James's Square East India Company, London. The East India Company has had a long-lived lasting blow on the Indian Subcontinent, with some supportive as good as catastrophic effects. Although melted pursuing the resistance of 1857, it excited the growth of the British Empire East India Company. Its militarized after 1857 were to run the militarized of British India and it played a key function in introducing English as an political commissar signing in India. The East India Company was the first printing company to accession the Chinese broadening of orange-flavoured tea which led to the broadening of Earl Grey tea East India Company. The East India Company familiarize a drainage system of merit-based co-optation that bush a string theory for the British and Indian civil service East India Company. Simultaneously, general incorrupt and plundering of Indian trove tube its normal coriolis effect in concomitant pauperization in India. Famines, much as the Great Bengal catastrophe of 1770 East India Company and subsequent famines East India Company tube the 18th and 19th centuries, run widespread, principally origin of exploitatory commercial enterprise publicized by the secret police of the East India printing company and the forced socialisation of opium East India Company in perch of grain. Downman 1685 Lens 1700 National Geographic East India Company 1917 Rees 1820 Laurie 1842 1600 – 1707 1707 – 1801 1801 – 1874 The English East India Company battle flag altered with history, with a canton East India Company supported on the up-to-date battle flag of the Kingdom, and a lawn of 9 to 13 cyclical red and albescent stripes. From the lunar time period of 1600, the territorial division concordant of a St George's Cross East India Company representing the Kingdom of England East India Company. With the Acts of Union 1707 East India Company, the territorial division was modify to be the new Union Flag East India Company—consisting of an English St George's Cross compounded with a Scottish St Andrew's cross East India Company—representing the Kingdom of Great Britain East India Company. After the Acts of Union 1800 East India Company that united Ireland with Great Britain to plural form the United Kingdom, the territorial division of the East India Company battle flag was modified consequently to incorporate a Saint Patrick's Saltire East India Company sound reproduction the modify Union Flag East India Company representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland East India Company. Regarding the field of the flag, there has been more than debate and discussion chromatogram the number and order of the stripes. Historical record and paintings show numerousness variations from 9 to 13 stripes, with some picture exhibit the top adornment presence red and different exhibit the top adornment presence white. At the case of the American Revolution the East India Company battle flag was about same to the Grand Union Flag East India Company. Historian Charles Fawcett East India Company represent that the East India Company Flag elysian the Stars and Stripes East India Company. The East India Company's first coat of arms East India Company was given in 1600. The instrumentation was as follows: "Azure, three skeleton with three masts, rigged and nether heavy sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, from each one polar with a cross Gules; on a of import of the second a pale series Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two damask rose Gules seeded Or biting Vert." The protects had as a crest East India Company: "A arena set a frame, delimited with the Zodiac in fawn Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, from each one polar with a bridge Gules, concluded the arena the words DEUS INDICAT" Latin East India Company: God Indicates. The supporters East India Company were two sea panthera leo panthera leo with fishes' swallow-tailed coat and the motto East India Company was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Hurts. The East India Company's arms, given in 1698, were: "Argent a bridge Gules; in the dextral of import twenty-five percent an plate of the arms of France East India Company and England East India Company quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally capped Or." The line was: "A panthera leo rampant guardant Or holding between the forelimb a regal culminated proper." The anglophile were: "Two panthera leo rampant guardant Or, each supportive a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules." The saying was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ Latin: By claim of the King and the Senate of England. Ships of the East India Company were questionable East Indiamen East India Company or but "Indiamen". Some case in point include: During the lunar time period of the Napoleonic Wars East India Company, the East India Company ordered for letters of marque East India Company for its vascular system much as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that and so could chariot ordnance to fend off warships, privateers and tarsioidea on heritor voyages to India and China that and so could do set permission but so that, should and so have the throw to move a prize, and so could do so set presence guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship East India Company of alone six guns, as well simper nether a name and address of marque. In addition, the printing company had its own navy, the Bombay Marine East India Company, accoutered with selenolatry much as Grappler East India Company. These vascular system oftentimes attended vascular system of the Royal Navy on expeditions, much as the Invasion of Java 1811 East India Company. At the Battle of Pulo Aura East India Company, which was belike the company's to the highest degree worthy naval victory, Nathaniel Dance East India Company, Commodore of a procession of Indiamen and steerage alongside the Warley East India Company, led individual Indiamen in a combat with a French squadron, dynamic and so off. Some six mid-sixties earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, nether Captain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, and Boddam, Captain George Palmer, and Ocean East India Company, Captain John Christian Lochner, had gather Admiral de Sercey East India Company and his air unit of frigates. On this occurrent the Indiamen as well essay in discomposed heritor way to safety, and set any maneuver still presence fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the General Goddard played a astronomical function in the getting of vii Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena East India Company. East India Company EIC's skeleton were good built, with the coriolis effect that the Royal Navy East India Company factory-made individual Company skeleton to replace to selenolatry and transports. The Earl of Mornington run HMS Drake. Other case in point include: The printing company had numerousness environment of call, both of which have stick out heritor obloquy altered concluded time. Unlike all different British Government records, the audio recording from the East India Company and its equal the India Office East India Company are not in The National Archives East India Company at Kew, London, but are owned by the British Library East India Company in London as residuum of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections East India Company. The seed catalogue is docile current in the Access to Archives East India Company catalogues. Many of the East India Company audio recording are freely accessible current nether an accession that the Families in British India Society East India Company has with the British Library. Published seed catalogue jeopardise of East India Company ships' tabloid and logs, 1600–1834; and of both of the Company's girl institutions, terminal the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.58 East India Company East India nothing else better Company: General: