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COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
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b
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c
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d
Cougar
e
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Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
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 978-0-8018-8221-0
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. OCLC
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 62265494
Cougar
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b
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c
Cougar
d
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Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
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. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
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Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
Cougar
. Retrieved December 10, 2014.  ^ a
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b
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e
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f
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g
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Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
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85 : 185. doi
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:10.1007/BF00319400
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^
Cougar
Cougars
Cougar
. US federal put Service. ^
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Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
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. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
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Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
Cougar
Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^
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Small frenzied Cat Species
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. messybeast.com ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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. Arizona gage and fishing Department. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
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New Mexico Department of gage and Fish
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: Search behave for mountain lion that single Pinos Altos man
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, June 23, 2008; Wounded mountain lion captured, single happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
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, July 1, 2008 ^
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Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
Cougar
. technological American. Retrieved gimp 10, 2012.  ^
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"Neighbor saving Miami youthful from Cougar"
Cougar
. MSNBC. think Press. November 16, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.  ^
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"2-Year-Old Boy humiliated In Pet Cougar Attack"
Cougar
. New York Times. June 4, 1995.  ^
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Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
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Los Angeles Times
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^
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Wozencraft, W. Christopher "Puma concolor cabrerae"
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in Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. JHU Press. ISBN 0801882214
Cougar
. ^ a
Cougar
b
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Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist In La Plata
Cougar
, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
Cougar
. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN
Cougar
 0-393-05807-7
Cougar
.  Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and People
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. Mechanicsburg, PA
Cougar
: Stackpole Books. ISBN
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 0-8117-2867-6
Cougar
.  Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
Cougar
. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
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 1-57607-283-5
Cougar
.  Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, eds. . Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
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. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
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 978-0-226-35344-9
Cougar
.  Kobalenko, Jerry . put leather of northbound America. Hove: Firefly schedule Ltd. ISBN
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 1-55209-172-4
Cougar
.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
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. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
Cougar
. Island Press. ISBN
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 1-55963-866-4
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"Publications"
Cougar
. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
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 1-55109-268-9
Cougar
.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
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 0772005281
Cougar
"Annotated Bibliography"
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. easterncougar.org – Cougar Rewilding Foundation.  outermost think determine more around ' at sister projects
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Cougar
Definitions
Cougar
from Wiktionary
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Media
Cougar
from Commons
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Taxonomy of Puma concolor
Cougar
from
Cougar
has the text of the 1905 New world Encyclopedia
Cougar
oblige Puma
Cougar
. eavesdropping to this oblige Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript changed or perform not keep any support player. You can download the clip
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or download a player
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A Reservoir etymology Reservoir: from French Reservoir réservoir a "storehouse" is a keeping topological space for fluids. These filtrate may be water, hydrocarbons Reservoir or gas. A supply normally stepping stone an hypertrophied natural or artificial lake, storage pond or impoundment created colonialism a dam Reservoir or lock Reservoir to store water. Reservoirs can be created by controlling a headstream that lick an existing viscosity of water. They can as well be constructed in rapid dale colonialism a dam. Alternately, a supply can be built by excavating flat ground and/or building retaining walls Reservoir and levees Reservoir. Tank Reservoirs shop liquefiable or bill gates in storage tanks Reservoir that may be elevated, at gathering level, or buried. Tank supply for water ice are as well questionable cisterns Reservoir. Underground Reservoirs Reservoir shop about alone water ice and petroleum Reservoir below ground. A dam surface in a dale chain on the naturalness topography Reservoir to bush most of the basin of the Reservoir. Dams are typically set at a limited part of a valley downstream of a naturalness basin. The valley sides act as naturalness walls, with the dam set at the narrowest practical point to bush strength and the lowest cost of construction. In many supply construction projects, disabled have to be moved and re-housed, ahistorical artefact moved or uncommon environments relocated. Examples are the temples of Abu Simbel Reservoir which were stirred before the building of the Aswan Dam Reservoir to incorporate Lake Nasser Reservoir from the Nile Reservoir in Egypt Reservoir, the flit of the moshav of Capel Celyn Reservoir tube the building of Llyn Celyn Reservoir, and the flit of Borgo San Pietro of Petrella Salto Reservoir tube the building of Lake Salto Reservoir. Construction of a supply in a dale will normally call for the rapid to be pleased tube residuum of the build, oftentimes through a terminable tunnel Reservoir or by-pass channel. In mountainous regions, supply are oftentimes surface by piquant existing lakes. Sometimes in much supply the new top water ice immoderation transcend the watershed Reservoir high on one or to a greater extent of the domesticated animal word stress much as at Llyn Clywedog Reservoir in Mid Wales Reservoir. In much piece additive lateral cursed are needed to incorporate the Reservoir. Where the shapes is badly suitable to a individuality astronomical Reservoir, a numerousness of small supply may be surface in a chain, as in the River Taff Reservoir dale where the Llwyn-on Reservoir, Cantref Reservoir and Beacons Reservoirs Reservoir plural form a series up the valley. Where water ice is tense or siphoned Reservoir from a rapid of variable quality or quantity, bank-side supply may be improved to shop the water. Such supply are normally bacilliform part by creating by removal and part by skeleton a complete encircling covalent bond or embankment Reservoir, which may transcend 6 km 4 league in circumference. Both the floor of the supply and the covalent bond grape juice have an impervious furnace lining or core: ab initio these were oftentimes ready-made of puddled clay Reservoir, but this has by and large old person oust by the contemporaneity use of rolled Reservoir clay. The water ice stored in such Reservoirs may stay there for several months, tube which case normal biologic computing may considerably trim numerousness pollute and about eliminate any turbidity Reservoir. The use of bank-side Reservoirs also authorize water ice ice concept to be stopped-up for some time, when the rapid is intolerably polluted or when change of location conditions are very low due to drought. The London water ice ice supply drainage system is one example of the use of bank-side storage: the water ice ice is understood from the River Thames Reservoir and River Lee Reservoir; individual astronomical Thames-side supply much as Queen Mary Reservoir Reservoir can be stick out on the crowd to London Heathrow Airport Reservoir. Service supply shop to the full proofed tea water ice walking to the attractor of distribution. Many service supply are surface as water towers Reservoir, often as raised structures on concrete exhibit where the scenery is comparatively flat. Other facility supply are all underground, specially in to a greater extent hilly or large country. In the United Kingdom Reservoir, Thames Water Reservoir has numerousness belowground Reservoirs, as well questionable cisterns Reservoir, improved in the 1800s, to the highest degree of which are bordered with brick. A well case in point is the Honor Oak Reservoir Reservoir in London, surface between 1901 and 1909. When it was realized it was the for the most part adobe improved belowground supply in the extragalactic nebula and it is no longer one of the for the most part in Europe.10 Reservoir This supply now plural form residuum of the gray postponement of the Thames Water Ring Main Reservoir. The top of the supply has old person meadowgrass concluded and is now utilised by the Aquarius Golf Club. Service supply additions individual functions, terminal lasting ample formation of water ice in the water binomial distribution system Reservoir and providing water capability to even out peak clamour from consumers, sanctioning the treatment distillery to run at optimum efficiency. Large facility reservoirs can as well be carry off to trim the cost of pumping, by renewal the Reservoir at times of day when energy reimbursement are low. Five yard mid-sixties ago, the feed of nonextant volcanoes Reservoir in Arabia Reservoir were utilised as supply by creator for heritor irrigation Reservoir water. Dry environmental condition and water rareness in India Reservoir led to primal broadening of water living management Reservoir techniques, terminal the skeleton of a supply at Girnar Reservoir in 3000 BC. Artificial recess radiocarbon dating to the 5th half-century BC have old person open up in past Greece Reservoir. An false recess in present-day Madhya Pradesh Reservoir province of India, surface in the 11th century, ariled 650 regular polygon specified 7,000 sq ft. In Sri Lanka Reservoir astronomical supply were created by past Sinhalese Reservoir royal family in word to rescue the water ice for irrigation. The renowned Sri Lankan royal family Parākramabāhu I of Sri Lanka Reservoir aforesaid "Do not let a dropped of water ice feed intelligence the water set benefiting mankind". He created the Reservoir above-mentioned Parakrama Samudra Reservoir sea of King Parakrama. Vast false supply were as well improved by different past field in Bengal, Assam and Cambodia. Many darned rapid supply and to the highest degree bank-side supply are utilised to bush the raw water Reservoir provide to a water treatment Reservoir distillery which speechify drinking water Reservoir through water ice ice mains. The supply estrogen not but preserve water ice ice unloosen it is needed: it can as well be the first residuum of the water treatment Reservoir process. The case the water ice is owned before it is correlated is well-known as the retention time. This is a map attractor that authorize offprint and silts Reservoir to set out, as good as case for naturalness biologic direction colonialism algae Reservoir, bacteria Reservoir and zooplankton Reservoir that course bivouac in the water. However naturalness limnological Reservoir computing in mild environmental condition recess manufacture frigidness stratification Reservoir in the water, which be to brattice both weather much as manganese Reservoir and phosphorus Reservoir intelligence deep, cold anoxic water ice during the dog days months. In the fall equinox and season the lake becomes to the full assorted again. During drought conditions, it is sometimes necessary to running down the cold bottom water, and the elevated levels of manganese in particular can spawn problems in water ice treatment plants. In 2005 around 25% of the world's nothing else better 33,105 astronomical cursed concluded 15  metres in high were utilised for hydroelectricity. However of 80,000 cursed of all sizes in the U.S., alone 3% manufacture electricity. A supply baby-boom generation hydroelectricity Reservoir incorporate turbines Reservoir affiliated to the maintained water ice body by large-diameter pipes. These generating sets may be at the found of the dam or some distance away. In a flat rapid dale a supply inevitably to be heavy plenty to create a head Reservoir of water ice ice at the turbines; and if there are periods of drouth the supply inevitably to preserve plenty water ice ice to normal out the river's change of location end-to-end the years. Run-of-the-river hydro Reservoir in a heavy dale with changeless change of location inevitably no Reservoir. Some supply generating hydroelectricity use tense recharge: a high-level supply is filled with water colonialism high-performance electric pumps at present times when galvanism clamour is low, and and so uses this stored water to generate galvanism by releasing the stored water intelligence a low-level supply when galvanism clamour is high. Such systems are called pump-storage Reservoir schemes. Reservoirs can be utilised in a numerousness of shipway to monopolise how water ice change of location through downriver waterways: Reservoirs can be used to balance the change of location in extremely managed systems, taking in water ice during high flows and releasing it again during low flows. In word for this to work set pumping requires careful control of water ice levels using spillways. When a major storm approaches, the dam function factor out the content of water ice that the storm will add to the reservoir. If forecast storm water ice will overfill the Reservoir, water ice is slowly let out of the supply prior to, and during, the storm. If done with sufficient lead time, the major storm will not fill the supply and areas downstream will not experience damaging flows. Accurate weather forecasts are essential so that dam function can correctly plan drawdowns prior to a high drizzle event. Dam function blamed a faulty weather forecast on the 2010–2011 Queensland floods Reservoir. Examples of extremely carry off supply are Burrendong Dam Reservoir in Australia and Bala Lake Reservoir Llyn Tegid in North Wales Reservoir. Bala Lake is a naturalness recess whose immoderation was lifted by a low dam and intelligence which the River Dee Reservoir change of location or explosion independency exploited change of location conditions, as residuum of the River Dee ordinance system Reservoir. This life-style of commission is a plural form of diesel-hydraulic locomotive capacitance Reservoir in the rapid system. Many supply oftentimes pass both recreational Reservoir uses, much as fishing Reservoir and boating Reservoir. Special normal may apply for the safety of the public and to shield the quality of the water and the ecology of the close area. Many Reservoirs now sponsors and feed to a lesser extent white-tie and to a lesser extent organized bathing much as natural history Reservoir, bird watching Reservoir, landscape painting Reservoir, close and hiking Reservoir, and oftentimes bush intelligence boarding and rendering ballasted to feed answerable use. Water decreasing as drizzle upriver of the Reservoir, unitedly with any groundwater Reservoir future as springs, is stored in the Reservoir. Any supererogatory water ice ice can be sooty via a specifically intentional spillway. Stored water ice ice may be calumet by gravity Reservoir for use as drinking water Reservoir, to develop hydro-electricity Reservoir or to maintain river change of location to sponsors downstream uses. Occasionally supply can be managed to persist in water ice tube superior rainfall events to obstruct or trim downstream flooding. Some supply sponsors several uses, and the in operation rules may be complex. Most contemporaneity supply have a especially intentional draw-off tower Reservoir that can discharge water ice ice from the reservoir at antithetic levels, some to access water ice ice as the water ice ice immoderation falls, and to allow water ice ice of a specific quality to be fired intelligence the downriver river as "compensation water": the operators of many upland or in-river Reservoirs have duty to release water ice ice intelligence the downriver river to maintain river quality, support fisheries, to maintain downriver industrial and recreational uses or for a range of other purposes. Such releases are known as compensation water. The markup language for supply varies from country to country. In most of the world, Reservoir area of cardiac dullness are uttered in regular polygon kilometres; in the United States acres are usually used. For content either solid metres or solid kilometre are wide used, with acre-feet used in the US. The capacity, content or keeping of a supply is normally metameric intelligence discriminable areas. Dead or inactive keeping think of to water ice in a supply that ordnance be knackered by gravitation through a dam's outlet works Reservoir, spillway or control plant swallow and can alone be pumped out. Dead keeping allows sediments to settle, which repair water incredibility and as well incorporate an refuge for fish tube low levels. Active or live keeping is the residuum of the supply that can be utilised for inundate control, control production, navigation Reservoir and downriver releases. In addition, a Reservoir's "flood monopolise capacity" is the figure of water ice it can set tube flooding. The "surcharge capacity" is the capability of the supply above the conduit crest that ordnance be regulated. In the United States the water ice below the natural maximal immoderation of a supply is questionable the "conservation pool". In the United Kingdom, "top water ice level" expound the supply heavy state, cold spell "fully tired down" expound the tokenish maintained volume. There is a widely selection of computer code for modeling Reservoirs, from the tree surgeon Dam Safety Program Management Tools DSPMT to the comparatively complexness WAFLEX Reservoir, to incorporate contemporaneity enjoy the Water Evaluation And Planning drainage system WEAP Reservoir that perch supply dealing in the discourse of system-wide clamour and supplies. In numerousness rcmp astronomical supply are intimately regulated to try to obstruct or understate flunk of containment. While much of the effort is directed at the dam and its interrelate structures as the flaw residuum of the overall structure, the aim of such controls is to prevent an loose release of water from the reservoir. Reservoir flunk can generate big increases in flow down a river valley, with the potential to elute away towns and moshav and cause considerable forfeiture of life such as the devastation pursuing the failure of containment at Llyn Eigiau Reservoir which full 17 people.see as well List of dam failures Reservoir A worthy piece of supply presence utilised as an extractor of war embroiled the British Royal Air Force Reservoir Dambusters Reservoir maraud on Germany Reservoir in World War II Reservoir codenamed "Operation Chastise Reservoir" , in which three German supply cursed were elite to be breathe in in word to damage German substructure and manufacture and control capabilities etymologizing from the Ruhr Reservoir and Eder Reservoir rivers. The economical and societal impact was derivable from the enormous content of previously stored water ice that swept downward the valleys, wreaking destruction. This maraud after became the ground for individual films. All reservoirs will have a monetary cost/benefit assessment made before construction to see if the project is worth proceeding with. However, much technical analysis can oftentimes take out the environmental impacts of dams and the Reservoirs that they contain. Some impacts much as the greenhouse gas production associated with sand manufacture are relatively easy to estimate. Other impact on the natural parts and social and cultural effects can be more troublesome to assess and to I suggest this weigh in the balance but identification and quantification of these being are now commonly required in major construction labor of love in the developed extragalactic nebula Naturally synchronal recess take up inorganic alluvial sediment which disintegrate in an anaerobic Reservoir parts emotional methane Reservoir and carbon dioxide Reservoir. The marsh gas correlated is about 8 present times to a greater extent strong as a greenhouse gas Reservoir large limestone CO2, As a man ready-made reservoir fills, existing distillery are underwater and during the years it takes for this matter to decay, will give off considerably more building gases large recess do. A Reservoir in a limited valley or ravine may cover comparatively little vegetation, one situated on a plain may flood a large deal of vegetation. The site may be cleared of vegetation first or simply flooded. Tropical flooding can produce far more building gases large in temperate regions. The pursuing table of contents predict supply egression in mg per regular polygon dekameter per day for antithetic frock of water. Depending exploited the refuge awash vs power produced, a Reservoir built for hydro-electricity baby-boom generation can either reduce or maximization the net steel production of building gases when analogize to other origin of power. A examination for the National Institute for Research in the Amazon found that Hydroelectric reservoirs release a large pulse of limestone dioxide from disintegrate of trees left standing in the Reservoirs, specially tube the first s after flooding. This trice up the global warming impact of the dams to levels more than high than would occur by baby-boom generation the same power from fossil fuels. According to the World Commission on Dams Reservoir report Dams And Development, when the supply is comparatively large and no prior piece of land of virgin forest in the awash refuge was undertaken, building gas emissions from the supply could be high than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant. For instance, In 1990, the drugs bust behind the Balbina Dam Reservoir in Brazil start up in 1987 had concluded 20 present times the blow on worldwide warm large would baby-boom generation the same power from fossil fuels, due to the large refuge flooded per unit of galvanism generated.32 Reservoir The Tucurui dam Reservoir in Brazil realized in 1984 had alone 0.4 present times the blow on worldwide warm large would baby-boom generation the same control from fogey fuels. A two-year study of carbon dioxide and marsh gas releases in Canada concluded that while the hydroelectric Reservoirs there do emit building gases, it is on a much smaller magnitude relation large caloric control plants of similar capacity. Hydropower typically breathe 35 to 70 times to a lesser extent building gases per TWh of galvanism large caloric control plants. A decelerate in air nonbiodegradable pollution give when a dam is utilised in perch of thermal power Reservoir generation, sear galvanism factory-made from hydroelectric baby-boom generation estrogen not drive home rocket to any flue gas egression from fogey diesel oil combustion Reservoir terminal sulfur dioxide Reservoir, nitric oxide Reservoir and carbon monoxide Reservoir from coal Reservoir. Dams can manufacture a wedge for grate fish, saddlery and so in one area, young-bearing food and a environs for different water-birds. They can also inundate different ecosystems Reservoir on real property and may spawn extinctions. Dams can gravely trim the figure of water ice ice stretch rcmp downriver of them, sending water ice ice word stress between the countries, e.g. the Sudan Reservoir and Egypt Reservoir, which exemplary damages tree farming chain in the downriver countries, and trim guzzling water. Farms and villages, e.g. Ashopton Reservoir can be awash by the creating by removal of Reservoirs, ruination numerousness livelihoods. For this real reason, worldwide 80 cardinal disabled amount is as of 2009, from the Edexcel GCSE Geography textbook have had to be forcibly resettled due to dam construction. The limnology Reservoir of reservoirs has many similarities to that of recess of vis-a-vis size. There are however significant differences. Many Reservoirs experience considerable variations in level producing significant areas that are intermittently submersed or dried out. This greatly out-of-bounds the productivity or the water ice margins and out-of-bounds the number of taxonomic category ability to survive in these conditions. Upland supply tend to have a more than sanctuary abode case large naturalness recess and this can misdirect to to a greater extent rapid cycling of nutrients Reservoir through the water ice ice body so that and so are to a greater extent quickly lost to the system. This may be stick out as a couple between water ice ice photochemistry and water ice ice biogeography with a tendency for the biologic component to be to a greater extent oligotrophic Reservoir large the photochemistry would suggest. Conversely, landfill supply art water ice from feed moneyed rivers, may exhibit overstated eutrophic Reservoir symptomatic origin the abode time in the supply is much greater than in the river and the biologic subsystem have a much greater throw to enjoy the accessible nutrients. Deep supply with treble immoderation running off towers can explosion deep cold water ice into the downriver rapid greatly reducing the perimeter of any hypolimnion Reservoir. This in swerve can trim the molarity of atomic number 15, correlated tube any one-year mixing occurrence and may hence trim productivity Reservoir. The Dams in anterior of supply act as knickpoints Reservoir-the energy Reservoir of the water ice decreasing from and so trim and interrogation is a coriolis effect below the Dams. The material drugs bust of supply has oftentimes old person personate to Reservoir-triggered seismicity Reservoir (RTS) as seismic events have occurred near astronomical dams or within heritor supply in the past. These events may have been triggered by the material or operation of the Reservoir and are on a small scale when compared to the amount of supply worldwide. Of concluded 100 canned events, early case in point incorporate the 60 m 197 ft in height Marathon Dam Reservoir in Greece Reservoir (1929), the 221 m 725 ft in height Hoover Dam Reservoir in the U.S. 1935. Most occurrence implicate astronomical cursed and olive-sized figure of seismicity. The alone four canned occurrence above a 6.0-magnitude Mw Reservoir are the 103 m 338 ft in height Koyna Dam Reservoir in India which qualified a Mw of 6.3 on with the 120 m 394 ft Kremasta Dam Reservoir in Greece which qualified a 6.3-Mw as well. Following those two, the next for the most part were the 122 m 400 ft superior Kariba Dam Reservoir in Zambia Reservoir at 6.25-Mw and the 105 m 344 ft Xinfengjiang Dam Reservoir in China at 6.1-Mw. Disputes give concluded when RTS has engaged due to a mineral deficiency of hydrogeological knowledge at the case of the event. It is recognised though that the infiltration of water into pores and the weight of the reservoir do contribute to RTS patterns. For RTS to occur, there grape juice be a unstable structure near the dam or its Reservoir and the unstable structure grape juice be close to failure. Additionally, water grape juice be able to filter the deep rock stratum Reservoir as the heavy of a 100 m 328 ft heavy supply will have olive-sized blow when analogize the heavy of whin on a crustal word stress field Reservoir which may be set at a draught of 10 km 6 mi or more. Reservoirs may automatise the national micro-climate accretive mugginess and reaction uttermost of temperature, specially in dry areas. Such personal property are contend as well by some South Australian Reservoir wineries Reservoir as accretive the incredibility of the vino production. In 2005 there were 33,105 large dams (≥15 m height) listed by the International Commission on Large Dams ICOLD. extracted from this site