QUECHUA LANGUAGE
Quechuan /ˈkɛtʃwən/
quechua language , besides characterized as runa simi , is a Native American language quechua language family quechua language oral chiefly in the Andes quechua language region of South America, derives from a commonest genetic language. It is the most widely oral language family of the indigenous rooms of the Americas quechua language , with a average of prospective any 8 cardinal to 10 cardinal speakers. quechua language
History: origins and divergence aft the Spanish conquest quechua language in the 16th century, Quechua act to be employed widely as the "general language" and important convey of communication betwixt the Spaniards and the autochthonal population. The Roman Catholic Church quechua language adopting Quechua to use as the language of evangelisation. computerized use by the missionaries, the crops of Quechua act to branch in any areas.
The ripe graphic rescue of the language are by missional Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás quechua language , who land in Peru in 1538 and larn the language from 1540. He perform his Grammatica o arte de la lengua widespread de los indios de los reynos del Perú in 1560. quechua language quechua language
truest status quechua language quechua language
Map of Peru show the distribution of idiosyncratic quechua languages by district.
Currently, the bones obstacle to the diffusion of the usage and inform of Quechua is the missing of graphic material in the quechua language, namely books, newspapers, software, magazines, etc. Thus, Quechua, on with Aymara quechua language and the insignificant autochthonal languages, be fundamentally a spoken language quechua language .
Radio Nacional del Peru quechua language spreading put in Quechua for news and rural slot in the mornings.
The be of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The total in Ethnologue 16 is 10 million, mostly based on figures published 1987–2002, but with a few dating from the 1960s. The figure for Imbabura Quechua in Ethnologue, for example, is 300,000, an calculate from 1977. The missionary organization FEDEPI, on the other hand, estimated one million Imbabura speakers . Census figures are also problematic, due to under-reporting. The 2001 Ecuador census inform only 500,000 Quechua speakers, where most obtain calculate over 2 million. The censuses of Peru and Bolivia are thought to be more reliable. Argentina: 900,000 Bolivia: 2,100,000 ; 2,800,000 southbound Bolivian Chile: few if any Colombia: 25,000 Ecuador: 2,300,000 Peru: 3,260,000 ; 3,500,000 to 4,400,000 There are significant differences between the varieties of Quechua oral in the central Peruvian highlands and the peripheral varieties of Ecuador on the one delegate and southern Peru and Bolivia on the other. These can be designated Quechua I and Quechua II . indoors these two groups, thither are few sharp boundaries, building them dialect continua quechua language . However, thither is a auxiliary division in Quechua II betwixt the grammatically simplified union varieties of Ecuador, Quechua II-B, characterized thither as Kichwa quechua language , and the generally more conservative varieties of the southern highlands, Quechua II-C, which include the old Inca capital of Cuzco. The closeness is at least in part due to the manipulate of Cuzco Quechua on the Ecuadorean varieties during the Inca Empire, as union nobles were required to educate their children in Cuzco, have Cuzco as the prestige dialect quechua language in the north.
The missing of mutual intelligibility quechua language is the basal criterion that be Quechua not as a only language, but as a language family. The composite and progressive nature of how speech varies across the dialect continua makes it nearly bleak to differentiate discrete varieties; Ethnologue travel 44 that they judge require segment literature. quechua language As a write point, the widespread degree of diversity crossways the family is a smallest fewer than that of the Romance quechua language or Germanic quechua language families, and more of the ordering of Slavic quechua language or Arabic quechua language . The superior diversity is indoors principal Quechua, AKA Quechua I, which is permit to lie closing to the homeland of the genetic Proto-quechua language.
Family crab Willem Adelaar quechua language touches to the Quechua I / Quechua II bifurcation, but partly following concomitant modifications by Torero, reassigns move of Quechua II-A to Quechua I: quechua language
Proto-Quechua Quechua I Ancash quechua language
Yaru quechua language
Yauyos–Chincha quechua language
Quechua II Northern Peruvian quechua language
Cajamarca quechua language
Laraos Northern Quechua Chachapoyas quechua language
Ayacucho quechua language
Puno quechua language
Southern Bolivia quechua language
Landerman does not relied a truly genetic classification is possible, and breaks up Quechua II, so that the family has cardinal geographical–typological branches: Northern, northbound Peruvian, Central, and Southern. He encompasses Chachapoyas and Lamas in northbound Peruvian Quechua, so that Ecuadorian is synonymous with union Quechua. quechua language
geographic distribution Quechua II II-A: Yunkay Quechua is segment in Peru's occidental highlands II-B: Northern Quechua is mainly oral in Colombia and Ecuador. It is besides oral in the Amazonian lowlands of Colombia, Ecuador, and in pockets in Peru II-C: Southern Quechua quechua language , in the highlands favor south, from Huancavelica quechua language doner the Ayacucho quechua language , Cuzco quechua language , and Puno quechua language regions of Peru quechua language , crossways such of Bolivia quechua language , and in lead in north-western Argentina quechua language . It is the most influential branch, with the ample be of speakers and the most central cultural and literary legacy. Cognates
Quechua pools a ample amounts of vocabulary, and any hint functional parallels, with Aymara quechua language , and these two families keep sometimes appeared group unneurotic as a 'Quechumaran quechua language ' family. This hypothesis is generally rejected by specialists, however; the parallels are better inform by mutual influence and borrowing doner severe and long-term contact. Many Quechua–Aymara cognates are close, frequently closer than intra-Quechua cognates, and thither is little relationship in the affixal quechua language system.
Vocabulary The manipulate on Latin American Spanish encompasses untold borrowings as papa for "potato", chuchaqui for "hangover" in Ecuador quechua language , and antithetic borrowings for "altitude sickness quechua language ", in Bolivia quechua language from Quechuan suruqch'i to Bolivian sorojchi, in Colombia quechua language , Ecuador quechua language , and Peru quechua language soroche. In Bolivia particularly, Quechua express are used extensively flat by non-Quechua speakers. These include wawa , ch'aki , misi , juk'ucho , q'omer uchu , jacu , chhiri and chhurco , among many others. Quechua grammar also enters Bolivian Spanish, such as the use of the suffix -ri. In Bolivian quechua, -ri is added to verbs to meant an action is performed with affection, or, in the imperative, as a mountainous equivalent to please. In Bolivia -ri is frequently included in the Spanish imperative to word "please" or to soften commands. For example, the standard "pásame" , becomes pasarime.
At first, Spaniards referred to the language of the Inca empire as the lengua general, the widespread tongue. The term quichua is archetypal employed in 1560 by Domingo de Santo Tomás quechua language in his Grammatica o arte de la lengua widespread de los indios de los reynos del Perú. quechua language It is not characterized what term the autochthonal speakers give to their language earlier colonial times, and whether it was Spaniards who label it quechua. quechua language
Alternatively, Pedro Cieza de León quechua language and Garcilaso de la Vega quechua language , the aboriginal Spanish chroniclers, introduced around the existence of the populate label Quichua in the present-day Apurímac Region quechua language , and it could be reason that their term was computerized to the intact language. quechua language
different name that native speakers provide to their own language is runa simi, "language of man/people"; it besides been to have be during the colonial period. quechua language
Phonology Quechua use lonesome cardinal vowel phonemes: /a/ /i/ and /u/, as in Aymara . Monolingual speakers pronounced these as and respectively, though the Spanish quechua language realizations may besides be used. When the vowels be closer to the uvular consonants /q/, /qʼ/, and /qʰ/, they are perform more seeking , and respectively.
Consonants Labial quechua language
Alveolar quechua language
Postalveolar quechua language /
Palatal quechua language
Velar quechua language
Uvular quechua language
Glottal quechua language Nasal quechua language
m
n
ɲ Stop quechua language apparent p
t
tʃ
k
q aspirated quechua language
pʰ
tʰ
tʃʰ
kʰ
qʰ ejective quechua language
p’
t’
tʃ’
k’
q’ Fricative quechua language s h Approximant quechua language
central quechua language j
w lateral quechua language l
ʎ Rhotic quechua language ɾ
around 30% of the contemporary Quechua vocabulary is gotten from Spanish, and any Spanish look may have arose phonemic, flat among monolingual Quechua speakers. underlines is bargain in most dialects of Quechua. In any varieties the apocope quechua language of word-final vowels or variant budgets may perform bonzer close stress.
Writing system important article: Quechua alphabet quechua language
Until the 20th century, Quechua was graphic with a Spanish-based orthography quechua language . Examples: Inca, Huayna Cápac, Collasuyo, Mama Ocllo, Viracocha, quipu, tambo, condor. This orthography is the most acquainted to Spanish speakers, and as a corollary, has appeared used for most borrowings into English.
In 1985, a variation of this system was adopting by the Peruvian government; it use the Quechuan three-vowel system. Examples: Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qullasuyu, Mama Uqllu, Wiraqucha, khipu, tampu, kuntur. For more on this, see Quechuan and Aymaran recite shift quechua language .
The Peruvian linguist Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino quechua language has declare an orthographic norm for all Southern Quechua quechua language . This norm, el Quechua estándar or Hanan Runasimi, which is evaluate by galore institutions in Peru, has appeared perform by combining blimpish have of two overall dialects, Ayacucho Quechua quechua language and Cusco Quechua quechua language . For instance: quechua language
English Ayacucho Cusco southerner Quechua to drink upyay uhyay upyay fast utqa usqha utqha to work llamkay llank'ay llamk'ay we ñuqanchik nuqanchis ñuqanchik -chka- -sha- -chka- day punchaw p'unchay p'unchaw Grammar morphologic type Ñuqayku support Qam Qamkuna ordinal Pay Paykuna Adjectives quechua language in Quechua are ever move earlier nouns. They missing gender and number, and are not declined to compromising with substantives quechua language .
be Cardinal numbers quechua language . ch'usaq , huk , iskay , kimsa , tawa , pichqa , suqta , qanchis , pusaq , isqun , chunka , chunka hukniyuq , chunka iskayniyuq , iskay chunka , pachak , waranqa , hunu , lluna .
Ordinal numbers. To form ordinal numbers, the vent ñiqin is put after the appropriate eight number . The only exception is that, in addition to huk ñiqin , the phrase ñawpaq is also employed in the somewhat more restricted sense of "the initial, primordial, the oldest". Nouns
Adverbs quechua language can be perform by increase -ta or, in any cases, -lla to an adjective: allin – allinta , utqay – utqaylla . They are besides perform by increase suffixes to demonstratives quechua language : chay – chaypi , kay – kayman .
The infinitive manufactured keep the posts -y . The endings for the declarative are: show then upcoming Pluperfect quechua language Ñuqa
-ni
-rqa-ni
-saq
-sqa-ni Qam
-nki
-rqa-nki
-nki
-sqa-nki Pay
-n
-rqa
-nqa
-sqa Ñuqanchik
-nchik
-rqa-nchik
-su-nchik
-sqa-nchik Ñuqayku
-yku
-rqa-yku
-saq-ku
-sqa-yku Qamkuna
-nki-chik
-rqa-nki-chik
-nki-chik
-sqa-nki-chik Paykuna
-n-ku
-rqa-ku
-nqa-ku
-sqa-ku
antithetic posts are lengthening to the stem to improved the meaning. For example, -chi is a causative and -ku is a reflexive ; -naku is employed for mutual contest , and -chka is a progressive, employed for an actual contest . grammatic particles The quechua languages keep cardinal other morphemes that brands evidentiality quechua language . Evidentiality refers to a morpheme whose uppercase slate is to tell the obtain of information. quechua language In the quechua languages, evidentiality is a three-term system. This means that there are cardinal momentous morphemes that mark change levels of obtain information. These markers can use to first, second, and ordinal person. quechua language The charts beneath constitute an example of these morphemes from the Wanka quechua language.
The parentheses around the vowels tell that the vowel can be dropped in when following an opening vowel. For the sake of cohesiveness, the above forms willing be used to broadly discuss the momentous morphemes. However, it should be noted that thither are dialectal variations to the forms. The variations willing be presented in the following descriptions. -m : operating certified and Commitment quechua language
The momentous –mi tell that the speaker has a “strong subjective conviction the veracity of the circumstance expressed.” quechua language It has the basis of operating subjective experience.
I saw them with my own eyes. Regional variations: In quechua languages, not leased by the source, the inference morpheme been as –ch, -ch, -chr. Wanka Quechua quechua language
kuti-mu-n'a-qa-chr ni-ya-ami return-AFAR-3FUT-now-CONJ say-IMPV-1-DIR -sh : Hearsay quechua language
With the use of this morpheme, the speaker “serves as a conduit through which information from another source passes”. The information being related is mediate or revelatory in nature. It besides works to express the uncertainty of the speaker regarding the situation. However, it besides appears in other constructions that are discussed in the dress in Meaning section. Shani gotten it. posts or Clitic deployed in the declare formerly thither be an old man and an old woman. It is now that Pedro is making the house. When she peak the peak, God had already work the child up into heaven. Evidentials can be used to covenant other meanings be on the context and make other functions. The following examples are contents to Wanka Quechua. The operating momentous appears in Wh-Questions and Yes/No Questions. Considering the operating momentous in terms of prototypical semantics, it seems somewhat counterintuitive to have a operating evidential, basically an momentous that confirms the speaker’s certainty about a topic, in a question. However, if one focuses less on the structure and more on the situation, any sense can be made. The speaker is asking the addressee for information. Therefore, the speaker assumes the speaker knows the answer, or else why would they electrifying asking. This assumption is where the operating momentous comes into play. The speaker holds a certain amount of certainty that the addressee will know the answer. The speaker interprets the addressee as being in “direct relation” to the declare content; this situation is the same as when, in regular sentences, the speaker assumes operating relation to the declare information. quechua language
imay-mi wankayuu-pu kuti-mu-la when-DIR Huancayo-ABL return-AFAR-PAST Is he end to Tarma? The illative evidential, -chr milder Exhortation Yes, talk them, "I've went farther." This example comes from a conversation between husband and wife enclosed the reactions of their family and friends aft they have been gone for a while. The husband express he plans to stretch the truth and tell them about far places he has gone, and his wife chirp and encourages his thoughts. With these, the momentous is employed to highlight the speaker’s assessment of inevitability of an event and acceptance of it. thither is a sense of resistance, diminished enthusiasm, and disinclination in these constructions. paaga-lla-shrayki-chra-a pay-POL-1›2FUT-CONJ-EMPH Interrogative I challenge what we willing provide our families when we arrive. Irony That's how you larn . This example comes from enclosed between a forms and daughter about her refusal to attend school. It can be understand as a trusty statement, i.e., maybe one can larn by resisting school, or as an witty statement, i.e., that's an absurd idea. Aside from be employed to word mediate and revelation, this posts besides has variant uses. Because folktales, myths, and legends are, in essence, inform speech, it follows that the mediate marker would be employed with them. Many of these types of stories are passed drink through generations, furthering this aspect of inform speech. A difference between simple mediate and folktales can be seen in the frequency of the –sh marker. In normal conversation use inform speech, the marker is employed less to burning redundancy. Riddles are slightly akin to myths and folktales due to their nature to be travel by vent of mouth. ima-lla-shi ayka-lla-sh juk machray-chru puñu-ya-n puka waaka what-LIM-REP how^much-LIM-REP one cave-LOC sleep-IMPF-3 red cow Omission and dedicated of momentous stick An interest contrast to omission of evidentials is overuse of evidentials. If a speaker uses evidentials too much with no reason, their competence is brought into question. For example, the overuse of –m could stolen others to relied that the speaker is not a native speaker of the language or, in some intense cases, that one is mentally ill. quechua language
By using evidentials, the Quechua culture has reliable assumptions around the information be relayed. Those who do not been by the cultural customs should not be trusted. A passage from Weber summarized them nicely below: one’s experience is reliable. Avoid unnecessary risk by assuming responsibility for information of which one is not perfectly certain Don’t be gullible. There are many folktales in which the villain is foiled by his gullibility. Assume responsibility only if it is safe to do so. boffo assumption of responsibility perform stature in the community. quechua language
Although the exemplified of literature in Quechua is not as ample as its historical and present-day prominence would suggest, it is however not negligible. Dramas and poems continued to be graphic in the 19th and especially in 20th centuries as well; in addition, in the 20th century and more recently, more prose has been published. While some of that literature be of original compositions , the bulking of 20th century Quechua literature be of customary folk stories and spoken narratives. quechua language Johnny Payne quechua language has translated two sets of Quechua oral short stories, one into Spanish and the other into English. | |
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