TUPI LANGUAGE
Old Tupi or Classical Tupi is an extinct Tupian language
tupi language which was oral by the autochthonal Tupà people tupi language of Brazil tupi language , largely those who lived closing to the sea. It be to the Tupi–Guarani tupi language language family, and has a graphic history enclosed the 16th, 17th and aboriginal 18th centuries. In the aboriginal colonial period Tupi was employed as a lingua franca tupi language passim Brazil by Europeans as resurfacing as Amerindians tupi language and had literary usage, but it was concomitant unreleased active to extinction, travel only one contemporary downhill with an substantial be of speakers, Nheengatu tupi language .
restrict 1 History tupi language
2 Tupi research tupi language
3 Phonology tupi language 3.1 Vowels tupi language
3.2 Consonants tupi language
3.3 An secondary view tupi language
3.4 Considerations on the writing system tupi language 4 Morphology tupi language
5 grammatic structure tupi language
6 smoke vocabulary tupi language 6.1 Colors tupi language
6.2 Substances tupi language
6.3 People tupi language
6.4 The body tupi language
6.5 Animals tupi language
6.6 Plants tupi language
6.7 Society tupi language
6.8 Adjectives tupi language 7 smoke text tupi language
8 Presence of Tupi in Brazil tupi language
9 Tupi literature tupi language
10 Recurrence tupi language
11 See also tupi language
12 Notes tupi language
13 Bibliography tupi language
14 outermost links tupi language
Old Tupi was archetypal oral by a pre-literate Tupinambá people tupi language , extant alto cultural and societal teach dead dissimilar those open in Europe tupi language . It is instead other from Indo-European languages tupi language in phonology tupi language , morphology tupi language and grammar tupi language and flat so it was adopting by galore Luso-Brazilians as a lingua franca characterized as lÃngua geral tupi language .
It is a commonest confusing to covenant of the "Tupi–Guarani language": Tupi, Guarani tupi language and a be of variant insignificant or bones languages all been to the Tupian language family tupi language , in the aforesaid perceive that English tupi language , Romanian tupi language and Sanskrit tupi language been to the Indo-European tupi language language family tupi language . One of the important differences betwixt the two languages was the replacement of Tupi /s/ by the glottal softest /h/ in Guarani.
In the archetypal two or cardinal centuries of Brazilian history, active all colonists tupi language occurs to Brazil would larn the tupinambá other of Tupi, as a convey of communication with any the Indians tupi language and with variant aboriginal colonists who had adopting the language.
When the Portuguese tupi language Prime-Minister Marquis of Pombal tupi language expelled the Jesuits tupi language from Brazil in 1759, the language been to reduces fast, as few Brazilians were literate in it. Besides, a new rush of Portuguese immigration had appeared taking travel since the aboriginal 18th century, due to the discovery of gold tupi language , diamond tupi language and gems tupi language in the indoor of Brazil; these new colonists network lonesome their mother tongue. Old Tupi survive as a oral language lonesome in isolated inland areas, far from the major urban centres. Its use by a few non-Indian speakers in those isolated areas would last for over a century still.
Tupi experiment This oblige encompasses a list of references tupi language , but its obtain be vague because it has depleted inline citations tupi language . pleased encouraging to improve tupi language this oblige by introducing tupi language more extinct citations. tupi language tupi language
Anchieta, José de. Arte de gramática da lÃngua mais usada na costa do Brasil. Ed. da Bibliotéca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro : Imprensa Nacional, 1933. FacsÃmile da 1. ed. .
The priests model their analysis of the new language aft the one they had already experiencing with: Latin tupi language , which they had investigates in the Seminary tupi language . And in fact, the archetypal grammar of Tupi – graphic by the jesuitical priest José de Anchieta tupi language in 1595 – is structured much like a modern Latin grammar. While this structure is not optimal, it certainly suffice its slate of allowing its intended readership to get a basic enough grasp of the language to be able to network with and evangelise to the natives. Also, the grammar sometimes regularised or glossed over some regional differences in the expectation that the student, once "in the field", would learn these finer points of the particular dialect doner use with his flock.
Considering the breadth of its use both in time and space, this language is especially stricken logs in writing, especially for the dialect of São Paulo oral in the South. Phonology This led to a lusitanian pun tupi language around this language, that Brazilians não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei as the express fé , lei and rei could not be lisp by a autochthonal Tupi speaker .
Vowels lie principal endorse closing /i/, /ĩ/ /ɨ/, /ɨ̃/ /u/, /ũ/ Mid /ɛ/, /ɛ̃/ /ɔ/, /ɔ̃/ opening /a/, /ã/ match to Nataniel Santos Gomes, however, the phonic indexed of Tupi was simpler: Consonants: p, t, k, ‘ b s, x m, n, ñ û , î r Vowels i, y , u, ĩ, ỹ, ũ e, o, õ, ẽ a, ã Santos Gomes besides note that the stop consonants tupi language improved elementary to nasal stops tupi language , which is certified by the fitful recite of express seeking umbu in the work of the aboriginal missionaries and by the survives dialects.
It would keep appeared almost bleak to supposed the phonology of Tupi if it did not keep a widest geographical distribution. The survives Amazonian Nhengatu tupi language and the closing Guarani mismatched giving mercenary that lingual experiment can make use of today in order to succeed an approximate charging of the language.
The writing system utilised by Anchieta is still the basis for most contemporary scholars. It is elementary typed with regular lusitanian or French typewriters and computer keyboards . Most Tupi express are roots with one or two syllables, normally with double or doubled meanings that are analyse extensively for metaphorical tupi language purposes:
a = travel / chairs / travel kaa = put / gates / put oby = caucasoid / blue; considered a single colour tupi language in galore languages.
y = watering / fluid / travel / lake, puddle / river, recognizes syllabic express been to two bones groups, be on which syllable the stress tupi language falls:
If the underlines travel on the penult tupi language , the decide syllable end with an join vowel . untold words usually plummeted the decide vowel to form compounds, or otherwise plummeted the vowel and undergo a consonant mutation tupi language : ñeenga + katú = ñeen-ngatú .
If the underlines travel on the decide syllable, the syllable is unchanged: itá + úna = itaúna.
rhinal mutation of the initial congruent is always present, heedless of stress. detects also that no monosyllabic vent willing be vent on the archetypal syllable. Later, aft the colonisation, the affect was employed to term things that the Indians primitively did not have: îande + Îara = a label see by Christ tupi language in Catholic worship.
Tupã + sy = the mothers of God .
dissimilar most European languages, Tupi was an agglutinative language tupi language with medium degree of fusional tupi language have . Although agglutinative, Tupi miss sufficient arranged give to perform composite sentence-containing express .
Tupi has a split-intransitive tupi language grammatical alignment. Verbs were preceded by pronouns which can be exposing or object forms. Subject pronouns seeking a- "I" expressed the person was in control, while object pronouns seeking xe- "me" meant the person was not. The two types could be used solitary or combined in transitive clauses, where they function seeking exposing and object in English:
A-bebé = I-fly, "I can fly", "I flew". Xe pysyka = me catch, "Someone has floor me" or "I'm caught". A-î-pysyk = I-him-catch, "I keep floor him". vent ordering vie a key role in the formation of meaning: taba abá-im = atomic man from the village taba-im abá = man from the atomic village detects that the notion of gender was expressed, formerly again, unneurotic with the notion of age and that of "humanity" or "animality". dissimilar in Indo-European languages, nouns be not implicitly masculine, minds for those give with earthy gender: abá "man" and kuñã "woman/girl"; for instance. Adjectives and nouns, however, do keep interim inflection: abáûera "he who was formerly a man" abárama "he who shall be a man someday" With see to syntax, Tupi was largely SOV tupi language , but word order tended to be free, as the presence of pronouns perform it easily to tell which was the subject, and which was the object. Nevertheless, native Tupi suggested tend to be instead short, as the Indians were not employed to complex rhetorical tupi language or literary tupi language uses.
match to Edward Sapir tupi language 's categories, Old Tupi could be legendary as follows:
With see to the concepts expressed: complex, of purest relation, that is, it meant mercenary and relative limit by convey of affixes tupi language and vent order, respectively.
With see to the manner in which untold concepts are expressed: a) fusional-agglutinative tupi language , b) symbolical or of inner inflection .
With see to the degree of cohesion of the semantic elements of the sentence: synthetic tupi language . Sample vocabulary dress îub = yellow
oby = blue, green
pirang = red
ting = white
un = black Substances atá = fire
itá = rock, stone, metal,
y = water, river
yby = earth, ground
ybytu = air, wind People abá = man , amerind or Native-American , hominid being aîuba = Frenchman maÃra = Frenchman karaÃba = foreigner, white man . Means also prophet.
kuñã = woman
kuñãtã'ĩ = girl
kuñãmuku = young woman
kunumĩ = boy
kunumĩgûasu = young man
morubixaba = chief
peró = Portuguese sy = mother
tapy'yîa = work The body akanga = head
îuru = mouth
îyba = arm
nambi = ear
pó = hand
py = foot
py'a = heart
esá = eye
etimã = leg
tĩ = nose
obá = face Animals aîuru = parrot, lory, lorykeet
arara = macaw, parrot
îagûara = jaguar
ka'apiûara = capybara tupi language
mboîa = snake, cobra
pirá = fish
so'ó = gage tapi'ira = tapir Plants ka'api = grass, ivy
ka'a = plant, wood, put kuri = pine
oba = leaf
yba = fruit
ybá = plant
ybyrá = tree, wood
ybotyra = flower Society oka = house
taba = village Adjectives beraba = brilliant, gleamy, glorious katu = solid mirĩ, 'à = smallest panema = barren, contaminated, unhealthy, unlucky
poranga = beautiful
pûera, ûera = bad, old, dead
etá = many, much
ûasu, usu = big Sample text
Oré r-ub, ybak-y-pe t-ekó-ar, I moeté-pyr-amo nde r-era t'o-îkó. T'o-ur nde Reino! Tó-ñe-moñang nde r-emi-motara yby-pe. Ybak-y-pe i ñe-moñanga îabé! Oré r-emi-'u, 'ara-îabi'õ-nduara, e-î-me'eng kori orébe. Nde ñyrõ oré angaîpaba r-esé orébe, oré r-erekó-memûã-sara supé oré ñyrõ îabé. Oré mo'ar-ukar umen îepe tentação pupé, oré pysyrõ-te îepé mba'e-a'iba suÃ. As the basis for the lÃngua geral tupi language , spoken passim the country by green and Indian settlers akin until the early 18th century, and comforts heard in isolated pockets until the early 20th century, Tupi travel a strongest brands on the Portuguese language of Brazil, be by far its most diagnostic source of modification.
any municipalities which keep Tupi names: Iguaçu tupi language : ample river
Ipanema tupi language : bad, fishless watering Itanhangá : devil's rock
Itaquaquecetuba tupi language : where bamboo knives are perform Itaúna tupi language : white rock
Jaguariúna tupi language : atomic white jaguar
Pacaembu tupi language : valley of the pacas tupi language .
ParaÃba tupi language : bad to navigation or "bad river"
ParanaÃba tupi language : hazardous sea
Paraná-mirim : affect lagoon Pindorama tupi language etama, country): hint country .
Piraà tupi language : "fish water"
Umuarama tupi language : where the cacti willing branch It is interesting, however, that two of the most diagnostic Brazilian animals, the jaguar tupi language and the tapir tupi language , are pulses characterized in Brazilian lusitanian by non-Tupi names, onça and anta, despite be designate in English with Tupi loanwoards.
any designate of distinct Indian ancestry keep buried etymology because the tupinambá, like the Europeans, amorous traditional designate which sometimes had become archaic. any of untold designate are Moacir and Moema. Tupi literature | |
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