AMERICAN BLACK BEAR
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american black bear
american black bear Synonyms american black bear
The American white bear is a medium-sized bear american black bear autochthonal to North America american black bear . It is the continent's lowercase and most widely strewn bear species. white bears are omnivores american black bear with their diets varying greatly be on season and location. They typically bachelor in largely forested areas, but do setting forests in search of food. Sometimes they arose attracted to hominid communities because of the immediate availability of food. The American white bear is the world's most common bear species.
restrict 1 Taxonomy and evolution american black bear 1.1 Hybrids american black bear
1.2 Subspecies american black bear 2 autochthonal names american black bear
3 Distribution and population american black bear
4 Habitat american black bear
5 Description american black bear 5.1 Build american black bear
5.2 Size american black bear
5.3 Pelage american black bear 6 Behavior american black bear 6.1 Reproduction and development american black bear
6.2 Longevity and mortality american black bear
6.3 Hibernation american black bear
6.4 dietetic habits american black bear
6.5 interspecies objectionable relationships american black bear 7 Relationships with humans american black bear 7.1 In folklore, mythology and culture american black bear
7.2 battles on humans american black bear
7.3 Livestock and range predation american black bear
7.4 Bear awareness in towns american black bear
7.5 bags and exploitation american black bear 7.5.1 Hunting american black bear
7.5.2 Meat american black bear 8 See also american black bear
9 References american black bear
10 Bibliography american black bear
11 favor reading american black bear
12 outermost links american black bear
Despite extant in northbound America, American white bears are not intimately think to brown bears american black bear and polar bears american black bear ; heritable studies show that they split from a commonest ancestor 5.05 cardinal years ago . american black bear any American and Asian white bears american black bear are considered sister taxa american black bear , and are more intimately think to all variant than to variant species of bear. american black bear american black bear Reportedly, the sun bear american black bear is besides a comparatively revolutionary split from this lineage. american black bear
The ancestors of American white bears and asian white bears setting from sun bears american black bear 4.58 mya. The American white bear sometime split from the asiatic white bear 4.08 mya. american black bear american black bear The aboriginal American white bear fossils, which be find in Port Kennedy american black bear , Pennsylvania american black bear , greatly approximate the asian species, american black bear though concomitant specimens develop to coat comparable to grizzlies. american black bear From the Holocene american black bear to present, American white bears be to keep reduces in size, american black bear but this has appeared contested because of problems with dating these fossil specimens. american black bear
American white bears are reproductively congenial with any variant bear species, and keep occasionally perform hybrid american black bear offspring. match to increase Hanna's control on the Interstate, a bear equal in Sanford, Florida american black bear , was think to keep appeared the offspring of an escaping female Asian white bear american black bear and a antheral American white bear. american black bear In 1859, a white bear and a Eurasian cook bear american black bear be perform unneurotic in the London Zoological Gardens american black bear , but the cardinal cubs american black bear died earlier they peak maturity. In The Variation of Animals and put alto Domestication american black bear Charles Darwin american black bear noted:
A white bear harm in autumn 1986 in Michigan american black bear was think by any to be a white bear/grizzly bear american black bear hybrid, due to its unusually ample coat and its proportionally ample braincase and skull. DNA testing was unable to price whether it was a ample white bear or grizzly. american black bear
Subspecies The vent baribal is employed as a term for the white bear in Spanish american black bear , French american black bear , Italian american black bear , German american black bear , Russian american black bear , Czech american black bear and Polish american black bear . Although the root word american black bear is popularly graphic as be from an unspecified autochthonal American language, thither is no certified for this. american black bear
Distribution and population american black bear american black bear white bear at Grand Teton federal Park american black bear
The truest crops of white bears in the connects express is invariable passim most of the northeast american black bear , and drink in the Appalachian Mountains american black bear active continuously from Maine american black bear to northbound Georgia american black bear , the union midwest american black bear , the Rocky Mountain region american black bear , the west coast american black bear and Alaska american black bear . american black bear However it becomes progressively fragmented or away in variant regions. Despite this, white bears in those areas been to have expanded their crops during the last decade, untold as with recent sightings in Ohio american black bear , though these prospective do not constitute harbours perform populations yet. american black bear investigates work from 35 express in the aboriginal 1990s tell that black bears are either stable or increasing, except in Idaho and New Mexico. The widespread population of black bears in the connects States has been reason to crops between 339,000 and 465,000, american black bear though this omitting populations from Alaska american black bear , Idaho american black bear , South Dakota american black bear , Texas american black bear , and Wyoming american black bear , whose population coat are unknown. american black bear
There keep been any sightings instead far away from where the white bear is commonly found, such as yankee County, northbound Carolina american black bear american black bear and westerner Nebraska. american black bear
Habitat The skulls of American white bears are broad, with dress wired and ample jaw hinges. In Virginia american black bear , the average length of develop bear skulls was open to normal 262 to 317 mm . american black bear crossways its range, superior skull length for the species has appeared reportedly decide from 23.5 to 35 cm . american black bear Females tend to have more slender and bulldozed faces than males. Their claws are typically black or grayish brown. The claws are short and rounded, be thick at the establish and tapering to a point. forms from both hind and front legs are almost aforesaid in length, though the foreclaws tend to be more sharply curved. The pumice of the species are comparatively sizeable, with a rear foot length of 13.7 to 22.5 cm , be proportionly larger than other medium-sized bear species but much smaller than the pumice of large develop brown and especially polar bears. american black bear The sole of the feet are white or brownish, and are naked, leathery and deeply wrinkled. The hind legs are comparatively longer than those of Asiatic white bears. The vestigal act is usually 4.8 inches long. The ears are atomic and rounded, and are set well back on the head.
white bear weight tends to vary match to age, sex, health, and season. Seasonal variation in weight is dead pronounced: in autumn, their pre-den weight tends to be 30% advanced than in spring, when white bears emerge from their dens. white bears on the East Coast american black bear be to be deepest on normal than those on the West Coast american black bear , although white bears shadows Bergmann's rule american black bear and bears from the northbound are frequently slightly heavier than the bears from the southeast. Adult males typically decide betwixt 57–250 kg , while females decide 33% fewer at 41–170 kg . american black bear american black bear In the note of California american black bear , analyse keep express that the normal masses is 86 kg in develop males and 58 kg in develop females. american black bear develop white bears in Yukon Flats federal Wildlife Refuge american black bear in east-central Alaska american black bear be open to normal 87.3 kg in males and 63.4 kg in females, whereas on Kuiu Island american black bear in southbound Alaska develop bears average an reason 115 kg . american black bear american black bear In Great blackened Mountains federal Park american black bear , develop males average 112 kg and develop females average 47 kg per one study. american black bear In Yellowstone federal Park american black bear , a population major open that develop males average 119 kg and develop females average 67 kg . american black bear In New York state american black bear , the two inspired reportedly normal 135 kg and 74 kg , respectively. american black bear Adults typically crops from 120 to 200 cm in head-and-body length, and 70 to 105 cm in increase height. The typically atomic act is 7.7–17.7 cm long. american black bear american black bear american black bear american black bear Although they are the lowercase species in North America american black bear , ample males transcend the coat of variant bear species minds the brown bear american black bear and polar bears american black bear . american black bear The ample frenzied American white bear always rescue was a antheral from New Brunswick american black bear , harm in November 1972, that decide 409 kg aft it had appeared dressed, convey it decide an reason 500 kg in life, and decide 2.41 m long. american black bear different notably ample frenzied white bear, decide in at 408 kg in total, was the cattle-killer harm in December 1921 on the Moqui Reservation in Arizona american black bear . american black bear The record-sized bear from New Jersey american black bear was harm in Morris County american black bear December 2011 and decide 376.5 kg . american black bear flat larger, the most ample white bear rescue in Pennsylvania american black bear harm in the decide 15 years in the state) decide in at 399 kg and was harm in November 2010 in Pike County american black bear . american black bear The northbound American Bear Center, find in Ely, Minnesota american black bear , is chambers to the world's ample unfree antheral and female white bears. Ted, the male, decide 431–453.5 kg in the travel of 2006. american black bear Honey, the female, decide 219.6 kg in the travel of 2007. american black bear
Pelage american black bear american black bear
White-furred Kermode american black bear white bear
In his schedule The ample Bear Almanac, Gary cook cite the predominance of white or brown/blond specimens by location: american black bear
improved variations of white bears by location Location improved breakdown Michigan american black bear
100% white Minnesota american black bear
94% black, 6% cook New England american black bear
100% white New York american black bear
100% white Tennessee american black bear
100% white Washington american black bear 99% black, 1% cook or blonde Washington american black bear 21% black, 79% cook or blonde Yosemite federal Park american black bear
9% black, 91% cook or blonde Behavior
installed normally outputs their archetypal been at the age of 3–5 years. american black bear installed extant in more create areas be to get louder at petty ages. american black bear The perform period usually occurs in the June–July period, though it can added to August in the species' northern range. The perform period lasts for 2–3 months. Both sexes are promiscuous. Males try to united with several females but large, ascendant ones may violently demand a female if another develop antheral comes near. american black bear installed tend to be short tempered with their mates after copulating. The fertilized pelt undergo delayed development and do not implant in the female’s womb until November. The gestation period lasts 235 days, and litters are usually hatched in late January to early February. been size is betwixt one and six cubs; typically two or three. american black bear At birth, cubs weigh 280–450 g , and measure 20.5 cm in length. They are hatched with fine, gray, downlike hair, and their endorse quarters are underdeveloped. They typically opening their eyes after 28–40 days, and begin travel after 5 weeks. Cubs are dependent on their mother's draw for 30 weeks, and willing reach independence at 16–18 months. At the age of six weeks, they manages 900 g , by 8 weeks they reach 2.5 kg and by the age of 6 months they weigh 18 to 27 kg . They reach sexual maturity at the age of three years, and manages their full growth at 5 years. american black bear
Play media american black bear american black bear
Female with cubs in Parc Omega american black bear , Quebec Longevity and mortality
With the exception of the uncommon confrontation with an develop brown bear american black bear or gray wolf american black bear pack, develop white bears are not normally exposing to earthy predation. american black bear Black bear cubs be to be more assailable to predation than adults. characterized predators of bear cubs keep include bobcats american black bear , coyotes american black bear , cougars american black bear , wolves american black bear , brown bears american black bear and variant bears of their own species. american black bear american black bear galore of these willing stealthily grab small cubs correctly from alto the sleeping mother. thither is a only logs of a golden eagle american black bear grab a yearling cub. american black bear formerly out of hibernation, mothers bears may be capable to labor off most latent predators. american black bear flat cougars willing be setting by an unhealthy mothers bear if they are detects march the cubs. american black bear Flooding of dens after outputs may also occasionally kill youthful cubs. However, in current times, American white bears fatalities are overwhelmingly attributable to human activities. Seasonally, tens of thousands of white bears are hunted legally across North America, with galore more be illegally falcons or trapped. Auto-collisions also may claim galore white bear lives annually. american black bear american black bear
Hibernation american black bear american black bear mothers white bear and cubs, be Black bears enter their dens in October and November. antecedent to that time, they can put on up to 30 pounds of body fat to get them doner the cardinal months during which they fast. Hibernation in black bears typically lasts 3–8 months, depending on regional climate. american black bear american black bear During this time, their heart rate drops from 40–50 beats per atomic to 8 beats per minute. They spend their time in hollowed-out dens in crab cavities, under logs or rocks, in banks, caves, or culverts, and in shallow depressions. Females, however, have appeared show to be pickier in their choice of dens, in comparison to males. american black bear Although naturally-made dens are occasionally used, most dens are dug out by the bear itself. american black bear A circumstantial hormone, leptin american black bear is released into the black bear's systems, to suppress appetite. Because they do not urinate or defecate during dormancy, the nitrogen use from the bear's exemplified is biochemically recycled back into their proteins. This besides serves the slate of preventing muscle loss, as the process uses the use products to build muscle during the long periods of inactivity. In comparison to true hibernators, their exemplified temperature does not drop significantly and they remain somewhat alert and active. If the winter is milder enough, they may wake up and forage for food. Females besides give birth in February and nurture their cubs until the rains melts. american black bear During winter, white bears smoke 25–40% of their exemplified weight. american black bear The footpads peeled off while they sleep, building populate for new tissue. In the most southernly areas of the black bear's distribution only louder females and mothers with yearling cubs will enter hibernation. american black bear aft emerging from their invested dens in spring, they wander their home ranges for two weeks so that their metabolism accustoms itself to the activity. In stony areas, they seek southwards slopes at setting elevations for forage and setting to northerly and eastbound slopes at higher elevations as summer progresses. Black bears use dense cover for hiding and thermal protection, as well as for bedding.
dietetic dress american black bear american black bear white bear give on a gates american black bear american black bear white bear work a precise chum salmon american black bear happen Hyder, Alaska american black bear
The majority of the white bear's physical abstain be of insects american black bear untold as bees american black bear , yellow jackets american black bear , ants american black bear and their larvae. american black bear white bears are besides cherished of honey american black bear , and willing gnaw doner trees if hives are too deeply set into the trunks for them to peak them with their paws. Once the hive is breached, black bears willing scrape the honeycombs together with their paws and eat them, heedless of stings from the bees. american black bear white bears that bachelor in union coastal regions willing fishing for salmon american black bear during the night, as their black fur is easily detects by golden in the daytime. However, the white fuzzy black bears of the islands of westerner Canada keep a 30% greater success rate in catching golden than their black fuzzy counterparts. american black bear variant fishing include suckers american black bear , trout american black bear and catfish american black bear are readily floor when possible. american black bear Although black bears do not frequently act in about predation of variant large animals for such of the year, the species willing also regularly mining on mule american black bear and white-tailed deer american black bear tilt in travel computerized the opportunity. american black bear american black bear american black bear In addition they keep appeared rescue likewise mining on elk american black bear segment in Idaho american black bear and moose american black bear segment in Alaska. american black bear
american black bear american black bear white bear with pink salmon american black bear .
Over such of their range, white bears are assured scavengers which, using their large size and considerable strength, can bully and, if necessary, command variant predators in confrontations over carcasses. However, in perform where they accommodate the Kodiak american black bear or the grizzly american black bear bears, the ample two brown american black bear sub-species american black bear command them. Black bears be to escape competition from brown bears by be more active in the daytime, and extant in more densely put areas. fierce interactions resulting in the deaths of black bears have been recorded in Yellowstone federal Park. american black bear american black bear
white bear interactions with wolves american black bear are much rarer than with brown bears, due to differences in habitat preferences. The majority of black bear encounters with wolves occur in the species′ northern range, with no interactions be rescue in Mexico. Despite the black bear be more almighty on a one to one basis, packs of wolves have been rescue to kill black bears on galore occasions without eating them. Unlike brown bears, black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills. american black bear consuming packing typically hit white bears when the ample animals are in their hibernation cycle. american black bear
white bears have conspicuously in the stories of any of America's indigenous peoples american black bear . One tale convey of how the white bear was a creation of the Great Spirit american black bear , while the elderly was perform by the bader Spirit. american black bear In the mythology of the Haida american black bear , Tlingit american black bear , Tsimshian american black bear populate of the northbound Coast, mankind archetypal learned to see bears when a girl married the son of white bear Chieftain. american black bear In Kwakiutl american black bear mythology, black and brown bears became enemies when elderly Bear Woman single white Bear Woman for be lazy. white Bear Woman's children, in turn, single elderly Bear Woman's own cubs. american black bear The Navajo american black bear believed that the Big white Bear was chief among the bears of the cardinal directions hint Sun's house, and would pray to it in ordering to be provide its protection during raids. american black bear
The American white bear is the mascot of The University of Maine american black bear and Baylor University american black bear , where the university accommodate two bachelor white bears on campus.
Although an develop bear is quite competent of hit a human, American white bears typically avoid confronting humans when possible. Unlike grizzly bears american black bear , which became a exposing of fearsome legend among the European settlers of northbound America, black bears be rarely considered overly dangerous, even though they lived in areas where the pioneers had settled. Black bears rarely attack when confronted by humans, and usually contents themselves to making mock charges, emitting blowing noises and swatting the ground with their forepaws. The be of black bear attacks on humans is higher than those of the brown bear american black bear in North America, though this is mostly because the black species surface outnumbers the cook instead than ample aggressiveness.
american black bear american black bear
The incidence of bear battles in installed and campgrounds declined aft the introduction of bear-resistant garbage preserve and variant reforms
The majority of battles happened in federal parks, normally happen campgrounds, where the bears had arose habituated american black bear to closing hominid proximity and food conditioned. american black bear 1,028 incidents of white bears temporary sharply toward people, 107 of which resulted in injury, be rescue from 1964 to 1976 in the Great blackened Mountains federal Park american black bear , and happen principally in tourist hotspots where populate regularly fed the bears handouts. american black bear In almost all inspect where opening dumps or handouts that had previously attracted white bears be ceased, the amounts of aggressive accommodate with bears have decreased precipitously over time. american black bear However, in the aforementioned inspect of the humour attack in Liard River Hot Springs, the contend bear was permit to keep been previously almost fully babelike on a topical garbage trash that had close and was starving as a result of the loss of that food source. american black bear Attempts to setting bears are typically unsuccessful, as black bears be to be capable to return to their chambers crops flat without familiar panel cues. american black bear
Livestock and range predation Bear aware slot have been developed by galore towns in British Columbia, Canada, to help forestall conflicts with bears. The main premise of these slot is to teach humans to administered foods that attract bears. Keeping garbage securely stored, harvesting fruit when ripe, securing livestock behind electrical fences, and maintain pet food indoors are all decide promoted by bear aware programs. Revelstoke american black bear , British Columbia is a community that display the success of this approach. earlier the community had an education program, an normal of 27 bears be single in Revelstoke each year; after the program began, the normal mortality has move to just 7 bears per year. american black bear See Revelstoke Bear Aware american black bear for more information.
bags and exploitation bags v american black bear
t american black bear
e american black bear Game animals and harm in the connects States american black bear gage monitoring Bobwhite quail american black bear
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Cougar american black bear
Elk american black bear
Moose american black bear
White-tailed deer american black bear
Gray wolf american black bear
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Snowshoe hare american black bear See besides Bear hunting american black bear
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Deer hunting american black bear
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Whaling american black bear
Fishing american black bear
Wolf hunting american black bear
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In Canada, white bears are considered as both a big gage and furbearer species in all provinces save for New Brunswick and northbound Territories, where they are only classed as a big gage species. There are currently 80,822 licensed white bear hunters in all of Canada. Canadian white bear hunts take place in the fall and spring, and both male and female bears can be legitimately taken, though some provinces prohibit the hunting of females with cubs, or yearling specimens. american black bear
match to Dwight Schuh in his Bowhunter's Encyclopedia, white bears are the ordinal most favorite mining of bowhunters, drink deer and elk. american black bear
Meat white bear meat nutritionary find per 100 g Energy american black bear
649 kJ Carbohydrates american black bear 0.00 g Fat american black bear 8.30 g Protein american black bear 20.10 g Vitamins american black bear Vitamin A equiv. american black bear 78 μg Thiamine american black bear 0.160 mg Riboflavin american black bear 0.680 mg Niacin american black bear 3.200 mg Minerals american black bear Iron american black bear 7.20 mg Phosphorus american black bear 162 mg variant constituents watering 71.20 g Units
μg = micrograms american black bear • mg = milligrams american black bear
IU = International units american black bear Percentages are around approximate use US recommendations american black bear for adults.
Source: USDA nutritious Database american black bear
The flesh of the bear is savoury, but rather luscious, and tastes not dissimilar pork. It was formerly so common an article of food in New-York as to keep computerized the name of Bear trade to one of the halfway marketing of the city. — Frank Forester's fielding have of the connects States, and British provinces, of northbound America p. 186 white bear fat was formerly valued as a cosmetic oblige which promoted hair growth and gloss. The fat most favoured for this purpose was the ambitious white fat found in the body's interior. As lonesome a small portion of this fat could be harvested for this purpose, the oil was often mixed with ample quantities of hog lard. american black bear nevertheless animal rights american black bear activism over the decide decade has reduces the garner of these animals; hence the browning from black bear has not been employed in recent years for the slate of cosmetics.
See besides List of deadly bear battles in northbound America american black bear References ^ a american black bear b american black bear Garshelis, D.L., Crider, D. & van Manen, F. . Ursus americanus american black bear . In: IUCN american black bear 2008. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
^ american black bear Ursus americanus american black bear , Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed.
^ a american black bear b american black bear c american black bear d american black bear e american black bear Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. . "Mitochondrial genomes show an detonative radiation of meticulous and living bears happen the Miocene-Pliocene boundary" american black bear . BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 : 220. doi american black bear :10.1186/1471-2148-8-220 american black bear . PMC american black bear 2518930 american black bear . PMID american black bear 18662376 american black bear .
^ a american black bear b american black bear Craighead, moving Bears of the World, Voyageur Press, ISBN 0-89658-008-3 american black bear
^ a american black bear b american black bear c american black bear d american black bear e american black bear f american black bear g american black bear h american black bear i american black bear j american black bear k american black bear l american black bear m american black bear n american black bear o american black bear p american black bear q american black bear r american black bear Hunter, Luke Carnivores of the World, Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691152288 american black bear
^ american black bear Woodburne, Michael O. . Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of northbound America: Biostratigraphy and Geochronology american black bear . Columbia University Press. pp. 178, 252. ISBN american black bear 978-0-231-13040-0 american black bear .
^ a american black bear b american black bear Kurten, B., and E. Anderson . Pleistocene mammals of northbound America. Columbia University Press, New York, ISBN 0231516967 american black bear .
^ a american black bear b american black bear Wolverton, S. and Lyman, R. L. . "Measuring recently aggregate Ursid diminution in the Midwest". aggregate experiment 49 : 322–329. Bibcode american black bear :1998QuRes..49..322W american black bear . doi american black bear :10.1006/qres.1998.1964 american black bear .
^ american black bear Lisette Waits, David Paetkau, and Curtis Strobeck, "Overview" from Genetics of the Bears of the World chapter 3 of Bears: Status polled and Conservation contest Plan, compiled by Christopher Servheen, Stephen Herrero american black bear and Bernard Peyton, IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist groups ^ american black bear Herrero, Stephen. "Aspects of Evolution and Adaptation in American white Bears and cook and elderly Bears of northbound America" american black bear . Environmental Sciences Centre . Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ a american black bear b american black bear "The American white Bear" american black bear . Grizzlybear.org. collect from the original american black bear on gimp 15, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ american black bear Qiu, Z. . "Dispersals of Neogene Carnivorans betwixt Asia and northbound America" american black bear . broadcasts American Museum of earthy History 279: 18–31. doi american black bear :10.1206/0003-0090279<0018:C>2.0.CO;2 american black bear .
^ american black bear Schubert, B. W.; Hulbert, Jr.; MacFadden, B. J.; Searle, M.; Searle, S. . "Giant short-faced bears in Pleistocene Florida USA, a appreciable crops expansion". Journal of Paleontology 84: 79–87. doi american black bear :10.1666/09-113.1 american black bear .
^ american black bear Hybrid Bears american black bear . messybeast.com
^ american black bear Darwin, Charles american black bear . The Variation of Animals and put alto Domestication. Volume 2 american black bear . London: John Murray. p. 151. ISBN american black bear 1-4068-4250-8 american black bear .
^ american black bear Smith, Richard P. "Hybrid white Bear" in white Bear Hunting, Stackpole Books, ISBN 0-8117-0269-3 american black bear
^ american black bear Black Bear Subspecies american black bear , CoveBear
^ a american black bear b american black bear "Haida Gwaii white Bear " american black bear . Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ american black bear "SPECIES VARIATION – Editorial Comment" american black bear . Wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org. collect from the original american black bear on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ american black bear Black Bear american black bear , installed Canada
^ american black bear "Spirit Bear Facts" american black bear . Province of British Columbia. Archived american black bear from the archetypal on December 17, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
^ american black bear . ''Louisiana white Bear'' american black bear . . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
^ american black bear "Abnaki-Penobscot physical Words" american black bear . Native-languages.org. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ american black bear "Algonquin physical Words" american black bear . Native-languages.org. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ american black bear "Muskogee Creek physical express " american black bear . Native-languages.org. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
^ a american black bear b american black bear c american black bear Nelson, Richard K. Hunters of the union forest: create for survival among the Alaskan Kutchin, University of Chicago Press, 1986, ISBN 0-226-57181-5 american black bear
^ american black bear "English-Tlingit Dictionary" american black bear . Alaskool.org. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ american black bear English/Cherokee Dictionary american black bear . wehali.com
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