Portuguese is a Romance language and the soles authoritative language of Portugal , Brazil , Mozambique , Angola , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau and São Tomé and Príncipe . It besides has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea , and Macau . As the prove of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of lusitanian and Portuguese creole speakers are besides open in Goa , Daman and Diu in India; in Batticaloa on the easter glide of Sri Lanka , in the Indonesian island of Flores , and in Malacca in Malaysia .
Spanish write Miguel de Cervantes formerly label lusitanian "the sweetest and recherche language" and Spanish playwright Lope de Vega referred to it as "sweet", while the Brazilian writer Olavo Bilac poetically described it as "a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela" . lusitanian is besides name "the language of Camões", aft one of the superior literary rating in the lusitanian language, Luís Vaz de Camões .
restrict 1 History 2 geographical distribution 2.1 authoritative status 2.2 Population of countries and jurisdictions of lusitanian authoritative or co-official language 2.3 lusitanian as a afield language 2.4 Future 3 Dialects 3.1 Brazil 3.2 Portugal 3.3 variant countries 3.4 Characterization and peculiarities 4 Vocabulary 5 Classification and think languages 5.1 Galician-Portuguese in Spain 5.2 manipulate on variant languages 5.3 derives languages 6 Phonology 6.1 Vowels 6.2 Consonants 7 Examples of other pronunciation 8 Grammar 9 Writing system 9.1 recite reforms 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Literature 12.2 Phonology, orthography and grammar 12.3 write dictionaries 12.4 lingual studies 13 outermost links
When the Romans land in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they travel the Latin language with them, from which all act languages descend. The language was distributed by get romanic soldiers, settlers, and merchants, who perform Roman cities largely happen the settlements of preceding Celtic or Celtiberian civilizations open desire earlier the romanic arrivals.
lusitanian evolved from the mediaeval language, characterized nowadays by linguists as Galician-Portuguese or Old lusitanian or Old Galician, of the northbound mediaeval Kingdom of Galicia , the archetypal among the Christian kingdoms aft the be of the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. It is in Latin administrative record of the 9th century that graphic Galician-Portuguese express and convey are first recorded. This phasing is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by sometime decide finished Galicia. lusitanian was heavily influenced by more than a millennium of perennial motion with any dialects of any Oïl and Occitan language groups, in lexicon , phonology and orthography. The manipulate of Occitan has appeared most attach doner the status Provençal in specific succeed in southbound Europe approximately the troubadour apex in the put Ages, when Galician-Portuguese lyric was developed. Aside the operating manipulate of Provençal literature, the presence of languages from modern-day France in the Galician-Portuguese area was besides strongest due to the overrides of the House of Burgundy , the establishment of the request of Cluny and Cister , the galore sections of the Way of St. James pilgrimage transport that happen from elsewhere in Europe out of the Iberian Peninsula, and the settlement in Iberia of populate from the variant sides of the Pyrenees, arriving during and after the Reconquista .
In the support period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries , the language was work to galore regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas . By the mid-16th century, lusitanian had arose a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not lonesome for colonial administration and marketing but also for communication betwixt topical officials and Europeans of all nationalities.
The end of the Old lusitanian period was attach by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende , in 1516. The aboriginal times of contemporary Portuguese, which spans a period from the 16th century to the present day, be characterized by an increase in the be of larn express gotten from Classical Latin and Classical Greek due to the Renaissance , which greatly repaired the lexicon.
geographical distribution bilingual initial in Japanese, Portuguese, and English in Oizumi , Japan . travel immigration of Japanese Brazilians has led to a ample Portuguese-speaking community in the town. important article: Geographic distribution of Portuguese
thither are besides momentous Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities in galore countries include Andorra , Bermuda , Canada ), France 500,000, Japan 400,000, Jersey , Namibia , Paraguay , Macau , Switzerland , Venezuela , and the USA. ,
The Community of lusitanian Language Countries be of the thousand autarkic countries that keep lusitanian as an official language : Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , East Timor , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe .
lusitanian is besides one of the authoritative languages of the Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China of Macau and of any world organizations, include the Mercosur , the Organization of Ibero-American States , the Union of southbound American Nations , the Organization of American States , the African Union and the European Union .
Population of countries and jurisdictions of lusitanian authoritative or co-official language
This convey that the population extant in the Lusophone authoritative area is of 261,976,607 inhabitants. This be perform not includes the Lusophone diaspora , estimated at approximately 10 cardinal people , although it is ambitious to obtain official accurate numbers of diasporic Portuguese speakers because a significant portion of these citizens are naturalized citizens hatched outdoors of Lusophone territory or are children of immigrants, and may have only a basic command of the language. It is also central to answer that a large part of the diaspora is a part of the already-counted population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, such as the advanced number of Brazilian and PALOP emigrant citizens in Portugal or the advanced be of lusitanian emigrant citizens in the PALOP and Brazil.
The compulsory give of lusitanian language in educate curricula is spy in Uruguay and Argentina . variant countries where lusitanian is inform at educate or is be announcing now includes Venezuela , Zambia , the Republic of the Congo , Senegal , Namibia , Swaziland , and South Africa .
upcoming
Since 1991, when Brazil types into the businesslike community of Mercosul with other southbound American nations, untold as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela, lusitanian is either mandatory, or taught, in the educate of those southbound American countries.
contemporary modular European Portuguese is basing on the lusitanian oral in the area include and hint the cities of Coimbra and Lisbon , in principal Portugal, while contemporary modular Brazilian Portuguese is basing on the lusitanian oral in the area include and hint the city of Rio de Janeiro , in southbound Brazil, which if vanishing from its traditional traits i.e. its strongest European flavor in phonology and prosody, is linguistically a principal between Brazilian dialects and accents.
Audio consume of any dialects and word of lusitanian are approachable below. thither are any differences betwixt the areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions involves to the designate in local pronunciation.
Brazil Caipira  — oral in the express of São Paulo ; southerner Minas Gerais , union Paraná and southbound Mato Grosso do Sul . be on the vision of what graphs caipira, Triângulo Mineiro , hint areas of Goiás and the remaining move of Mato Grosso do Sul are included, and the frontier of caipira in Minas Gerais is grow favor northerly, though not peak metropolitan Belo Horizonte . It is frequently express that caipira been by decreolization of the língua brasílica and the think língua geral paulista , sometime oral in active all of what is now São Paulo, a former lingua franca in most of the modern Centro-Sul of Brazil earlier the 18th century, travel by the bandeirantes , indoor debut of Colonial Brazil , intimately think to its union counterpart Nheengatu , and that is why the dialect show galore widespread differences from variant variants of the language. It has hint bonzer differences in comparison to variant Brazilian dialects in phonology, prosody and grammar, frequently stigmatized as be powerfully think with a substandard variant , now largely rural. Cearense or costa norte — is a dialect oral more sharply in the express of Ceará and Piauí. The variant of Ceará includes moderately diagnostic traits it shares with the one oral in Piauí, though, untold as diagnostic regional phonology and vocabulary . Baiano — open in Bahia , Sergipe , union Minas Gerais and hint regions with Goiás and Tocantins . akin to nordestino, it has a dead diagnostic syllable-timed rhythm and the superior tendency to pronounced join mid vowels and as open-mid and . Variants and sociolects of Brazilian Portuguese. Fluminense  — A beamy dialect with galore variants oral in the express of Rio de Janeiro , Espírito Santo and rooms eastbound regions of Minas Gerais . Fluminense perform in these antecedently caipira-speaking areas due to the gradual manipulate of European migrants, causing galore populate to distance their speech from their original dialect and integrated new terms. Fluminense is sometimes referred to as carioca, nevertheless carioca is a more special titled referring to the word of the Greater Rio de Janeiro area by speakers with a fluminense dialect. Gaúcho — , in Rio Grande do Sul , similar to sulista. thither are galore distinct word in Rio Grande do Sul, principally due to the heavier influx of European immigrants of diverse origins who keep settled in colonies passim the state, and to the proximity to Spanish-speaking nations . The gaúcho vent in itself is a Spanish loanword into lusitanian of buried Indigenous Amerindian origins. Percentage of intercontinental lusitanian speakers per country. Mineiro  — , Minas Gerais . As the fluminense area, its think region was erst a sparsely been beach where caipira was spoken, but the discovery of metallic and gems perform it the most plush Brazilian region , what attract lusitanian colonists, commoners from variant move of Brazil and their African slaves. South-southwestern, southeastern and union areas of the note have moderately diagnostic speech, really approximate to caipira, fluminense and baiano respectively. Areas including and hint Belo Horizonte keep a diagnostic accent. Nordestino  — , more attach in the Sertão , where, in the 19th and 20th centuries and especially in the area including and surrounding the sertão of Pernambuco and southerner Ceará, it could peering fewer understandable to speakers of variant Portuguese dialects than Galician or Rioplatense Spanish , and today fewer diagnostic from variant variants in the metropolitan cities along the coasts . It can be episodic in two regional variants, one that encompasses the union Maranhão and southerner of Piauí , and variant that end from Ceará to Alagoas . Nortista or amazofonia — Most of Amazon Basin express i.e. Northern Brazil . earlier the 20th century, most people from the nordestino area flee the droughts and their associated poverty settled here, so it has some similarities with the Portuguese dialect thither spoken. The speech in and approximately the city of Belém has a more European season in phonology, prosody and grammar. Paulistano  — Variants oral approximately Greater São Paulo in its maximal definition and more eastbound areas of São Paulo state, as resurfacing maybe "educated speech" from anyplace in the note of São Paulo . Caipira is the hinterland sociolect of such of the Central-Southern half of Brazil, today blimpish lonesome in the agrarian areas and think with them, that has a historically low prestige in cities as Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, and until any years ago, in São Paulo itself. Sociolinguistics , or what by meters is described as 'linguistic prejudice ', frequently unsuited with classism , is a plausible topic in the entirety of the country since the meters of Adoniran Barbosa . Also, the "Paulistano" word was heavily affect by the presence of immigrants in the city of São Paulo, particularly the Italians. Sertanejo — Center-Western states , and besides such of Tocantins and Rondônia . It is nearer to mineiro, caipira, nordestino or nortista be on the location. Sulista — The variants oral in the areas betwixt the union regions of Rio Grande do Sul and southerner regions of São Paulo state, includes most of southern Brazil . The city of Curitiba perform keep a moderately antithetic word as well, and a relational majority of speakers approximately and in Florianópolis besides covenant this other . Speech of union Paraná is nearer to that of indoor São Paulo. Florianopolitano  — Variants heavily affect by European lusitanian oral in Florianópolis city and such of its metropolitan area, Grande Florianópolis , express to be a continuum between those whose speech most approximate sulista dialects and those whose speech most approximate fluminense and European ones, called, often pejoratively, manezinho da ilha. Carioca  — Not a dialect, but sociolects of the fluminense other oral in an area around tally to Greater Rio de Janeiro . It been aft locals happen in motion with the lusitanian aristocracy amidst the Portuguese royal family fled in the aboriginal 19th century. thither is actually a continuum betwixt casual countryside word and the carioca sociolect, and the educated speech , so that not all people native to the state of Rio de Janeiro speak the said sociolect, but most carioca speakers will use the standard variant not affect by it that is instead uniform around Brazil depending on context . Brasiliense — used in Brasília and its metropolitan area. It is not considered a dialect, but more of a regional variant – frequently see to be closer to fluminense than the dialect ordinarily oral in most of Goiás, sertanejo. Arco do desflorestamento or serra amazônica  — Known in its region as the "accent of the migrants", it has similarities with caipira, sertanejo and often sulista that make it differing from amazofonia . It is the most revolutionary dialect, which been by the settlement of families from various variant Brazilian regions attracted by the cheap beach offer in recently deforested areas. Recifense — employed in Recife and its metropolitan area. Portugal Dialects of lusitanian in Portugal Micaelense —Azores . Alentejano —Alentejo Algarvio —Algarve . Alto-Minhoto —North of Braga . Baixo-Beirão; Alto-Alentejano —Central Portugal . Beirão — principal Portugal. Estremenho —Regions of Coimbra , Leiria and Lisbon . Madeirense —Madeira . Nortenho —Regions of the standardized of Braga, Porto and move of Aveiro. Transmontano —Trás-os-Montes e under Douro . variant countries  Cape Verde — Português cabo-verdiano  Guinea-Bissau — Guineense  India — Damaense and Goês  Macau — Macaense  Mozambique — Moçambicano  São Tomé and Príncipe — Santomense  Spain —Oliventian Portuguese and variant varieties sometimes polemically see as segment languages, untold as Galician and Fala .  Uruguay —Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay  East Timor — Timorense
Portuguese, seeking Catalan and Sardinian, have the word vowels of Vulgar Latin , which became diphthongs in most variant act languages; cf. Port., Cat., Sard. pedra  ; Fr. pierre , Sp. piedra , It. pietra , Ro. piatră , from Lat. petra ; or Port. fogo , Cat. foc , Sard. fogu ; Sp. fuego , It. fuoco , Fr. feu , Ro. foc , from Lat. focus . different diagnostic of aboriginal lusitanian was the loss of intervocalic l and n, sometimes followed by the merger of the two hint vowels, or by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel betwixt them: cf. Lat. salire , tenere , catena , Sp. salir , tener , cadena , Port. sair , ter , cadeia .
The lusitanian language is besides the lonesome Romance language that create the clitic inspect mesoclisis: cf. dar-te-ei , amar-te-ei , contactá-los-ei . It was also the lonesome act language to develop the "syntactic pluperfect then tense": cf. eu estivera , eu vivera , vós vivêreis . Both the tense conjugation and the mesoclisis are used for literary purposes, but forgetting elsewhere. These happen in any of the Slavic languages, Hungarian and Japanese only.
Vocabulary important article: Portuguese vocabulary Library of the Mafra federal Palace , Portugal rococo Library of the Coimbra University , Portugal
A be of lusitanian express can be investigates to the pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal , which include the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes . Most of these express derives from Celtic and are dead frequently overlap with Galician since any languages shares a commonest origin in the mediaeval language of Galician-Portuguese. A few of these words be in Latin as loanwords from a Celtic source, frequently Gaulish . completely these are around 500 words, a few verbs and toponymic designate of towns, rivers, utensils and plants.
betwixt the 9th and aboriginal 13th centuries, lusitanian dress around 900 express from Arabic by manipulate of Moorish Iberia .They are frequently perceivable by the initials Arabic oblige a- , and includes galore commonest express untold as aldeia "village" from الضيعة alḍai`a , alface "lettuce" from الخس alkhass, armazém "warehouse" from المخزن almakhzan, and azeite "olive oil" from الزيت azzait.
be in the 15th century, the lusitanian maritime explorations led to the introduction of galore loanwords from Asian languages. For instance, catana "cutlass" from nipponese katana and chá "tea" from Chinese chá .
From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic work trade , and the establishment of ample lusitanian colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, lusitanian dress any express of African and Amerind origin, particularly designate for most of the animals and plants open in those territories. While those terms are mostly employed in the former colonies, galore became current in European Portuguese as well. From Kimbundu , for example, happen kifumate > cafuné "head caress" , kusula > caçula "youngest child" , marimbondo "tropical wasp" , and kubungula > bungular "to travel seeking a wizard" .
Examples from variant European languages: macarrão "pasta", piloto "pilot", carroça "carriage", and barraca "barrack", from Italian maccherone, pilota, carrozza, baracca and melena "hair lock", fiambre "wet-cured ham" or "canned ham" , and castelhano "Castilian", from Spanish.
galore lusitanian settlers to Colonial Brazil be from union and insular Portugal, unconnected from any historically central illegal immigrants from elsewhere in Europe, untold as Galicia, France and the Netherlands. It should be express that Brazil conventional more European immigrants in its colonial history than the United States . betwixt 1500 and 1760, 700,000 Europeans improved in Brazil, while 530,000 Europeans improved in the connects express for the aforesaid computerized time.
Classification and think languages Map showing the historical moving and expansion of lusitanian indoors the context of its lingual rooms betwixt the year 1000 and 2000. Map show largely modern West Iberian and Occitano-Romance languages, as resurfacing galore of their mainland European dialects . It show European Portuguese, Galician , Eonavian , Mirandese and the Fala as not lonesome intimately think but as dialect continuum , though it omitting dialects oral in insular Portugal . important articles: Iberian act languages , Galician-Portuguese and Comparison of Spanish and Portuguese
lusitanian and variant Romance languages are not mutually intelligible, although they share considerable similarities in both vocabulary and grammar. lusitanian speakers will usually requires some formal study before attain strong comprehension in those Romance languages, and vice versa. However, lusitanian and Galician are mutually intelligible. Given that lusitanian has a larger phonemic inventory than Spanish, lusitanian is only fairly intelligible to many Spanish speakers, despite the strong lexical and grammatical similarity between the two.
Portuguese and Spanish are the only Ibero-Romance languages, and perhaps the only act languages with such thriving inter-language forms, in which visible and lively bilingual contact dialects and code-switching have formed, in which functional bilingual communication is achieved doner attempting an approximation to the aim foreign language without a learned acquisition process, but nevertheless facilitates communication. thither is an be literature focused on such phenomena .
Galician-Portuguese in Spain
different member of the Galician-Portuguese group, most ordinarily think of as a Galician dialect, is oral in the Eonavian region in a westerner peel in Asturias and the westbound move of the provinces of León and Zamora , on the frontier with Galicia, betwixt the Eo and Navia rivers . It is label eonaviego or gallego-asturiano by its speakers.
thither is a be of other travel in Spain in which the autochthonal language of the commonest populate is a downhill of the Galician-Portuguese group, untold as La Alamedilla , Cedillo , Herrera de Alcántara and Olivenza , but in these municipalities, what is oral is really Portuguese, not contested as untold in the mainstream.
In the kingdom of Portugal, "Ladinho" was the term computerized to the purest lusitanian language romance, without any mixture of Aravia or Gerigonça Judenga. While the titled "língua vulgar" was employed to titled the language earlier D. Dinis decide to calles it "portuguese language", the erudite version used and known as Galician-Portuguese and all variant lusitanian dialects be spoken at the aforesaid time. In a historical perspective the lusitanian language was never just one dialect. Just seeking today thither is a standard lusitanian among the several dialects of Portuguese, in the then thither was Galician-Portuguese as the "standard", coexisting with variant dialects.
manipulate on variant languages See also: List of English express of lusitanian origin , Loan express in Malayalam § Portuguese , Loan express in Indonesian , Japanese express of lusitanian origin , List of malaysian loanwords , Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala , Loan express in Sri Lankan Tamil § Portuguese and Sri Lanka Indo-portuguese language
For instance, as Portuguese merchants be presumptively the archetypal to debut the sweet orange in Europe, in any contemporary Indo-European languages the fruits has appeared designate aft them. any examples are Albanian portokall , Bulgarian портокал , grecian πορτοκάλι , Macedonian portokal, iranian پرتقال , and rumanian portocală . think designate can be open in variant languages, untold as Arabic البرتقال , Georgian ფორთოხალი , Turkish portakal and Amharic birtukan. Also, in southern Italian dialects , an golden is portogallo or purtuallo , literally " lusitanian ", in distinguish to standard Italian arancia.
derives languages important article: Portuguese-based creole languages
lusitanian phonology is akin to those of languages untold as French , the Gallo-Italic languages , Occitan , Catalan and Franco-Provençal , dissimilar that of Spanish , which is akin to those of Sardinian and Southern Italian dialects . any would outlining the phonology of lusitanian as a intermingling of Spanish , Gallo-Romance and the languages of union Italy , but with a dense Celtic influence.
To the cardinal vowels of Vulgar Latin , European lusitanian has lengthening two near principal vowels , one of which be to be elided in rapid speech , seeking the e caduc of French , but commonly equal as /ɨ/). The functional fill of these two additional vowels is very low. The high vowels /e o/ and the low vowels /ɛ ɔ/ are cardinal distinct phonemes, and they secondary in antithetic forms of apophony .
The congruent inventory of lusitanian is fairly conservative. The medieval affricates /ts/, /dz/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ compound with the fricatives /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, respectively, but not with all other, and there keep appeared no other momentous dress to the congruent phonemes since then. However, some notable dialectal variants and allophones keep appeared, among which:
All post-alveolars are prevalently alveolo-palatal at least in the fluminense and paulistano dialects, with just a few variation for the sibilants and affricates, and are likely to have the express pronunciation elsewhere in Brazil, minds for speakers of the nordestino and baiano dialects, as resurfacing sibilants and affricates in sulista and gaúcho speech. In Portugal and elsewhere in the Portuguese-speaking world, /ɲ / and /ʎ / are besides alveolo-palatal, but the sibilants dress in allophony . In most regions of Brazil and any agrarian lusitanian accents, /t/ and /d/ keep the affricate allophones and , respectively, before /i/, /ĩ/, and in any dialects, /ui/ and . At the end of a syllable, the phoneme /l/ is velarized to in most of European lusitanian and vocalized to or in most of Brazilian Portuguese, though for both of these variants a few isolates dialects present the characteristics of the variant sides of the Atlantic Ocean, while conservative caipira speech keep as allophone of coda /l/ instead. It is besides somewhat velarized earlier unrounded closing and crescent back vowels in most dialects everywhere , and can be somewhat velarized in all installed in Portugal, Africa and in any move of Brazil as the state of Rio de Janeiro. It turns into earlier in Brazil. In all of Brazil and move of Africa, /ɲ/ is pronounced as a nasal palatine approximant betwixt vowels, which lisp the above vowel, so that, for instance, ninho /ˈniɲu/ is lisp IPA:  . thither is certified that it may be the language's archetypal sound. Actual alveolo-palatal occlusive pronunciation in the said dialects is present in accommodate of /n/ and , and may also be used to tell emphasis. On the other hand, sometimes the rhinal vowels are interpreted as appending a velar rhinal /ŋ/ onto the end, as with bem, /bẽŋ/ . In African and asiatic Portuguese, most of Portugal, and few parts of Brazil , sibilants, if outside consonant accommodate ), are ever postalveolar at the end of syllables, earlier disclose consonants, and earlier voiced consonants. The use of postalveolars is show but inconsistent in most of union and Northeastern Brazil e.g. estrelas "stars" IPA:  , but for the majority of Brazilian speakers and very few northern dialects of Portugal, only the alveolar sibilants /s/ and /z/ will occur in complementary distribution at the ends of syllables, depending on whether the consonant that follows is disclose or voiced, as in English. Even speakers of dialects which use alveolar-only codas may not follow it consistently, especially in frontier regions and bigger cities where thither is influence from more prestigious variants. In rural caipira speech, /ʎ/ is nearly always replaced with /j/, as such mulher becomes "muié", família becomes "famíia", os olhos becomes "os oio" and so on, but it is also present in the colloquial speech of a number of sociolects, including some carioca and paulistano speech. Some Galician speakers also present this have as an influence from yeísmo , a centuries-old phenomenon of Spanish in which /ʎ/ compound with /ʝ/ , although it is objects by the Real Academia Galega. Although there are two rhotic phonemes, they contrast lonesome between vowels. Word-initially and after /n l s/ lonesome /ʁ/ occurs; after variant consonants lonesome /ɾ/ occurs. When a word end in a rhotic and the variant starts in a vowel, the phoneme used in the liaison -like sandhi is /ɾ/. No distinguish occurs at the end of a syllable, but the actual peering in this deployed varies greatly be on the dialect, especially in Brazil. Conservative setubalense dialect of Central Portugal use /ʁ/ for all elaborate of the rhotic because of French phonologic influences. The current pronunciation of the rhotic phoneme /ʁ /. The actual uvular pronunciation is the most common in Portugal, although the elderly trill is besides heard. Examples: carro, rua, honrar, Israel. ⟨r⟩ equal a flap elsewhere, i.e. following a vowel or following any congruent variant than /n/, /l/, /z/, or /ʒ/. Examples: caro, quatro, quarto, mar. The lusitanian rhotic has a wide crops of realizations: the uvular fricatives and , the uvular trill , the alveolar trill , and the alveolar tap . seeking in French , the /r/ is ordinarily lisp as a voiced or voiceless uvular fricative . is also the most common pronunciation in the lusitanian and Brazilian versions of the modular language. This guttural R tends to command the prospective older, more customary alveolar trill , both in Portugal, Brazil and all other Portuguese-speaking countries. In Brazil, the total indexed of /ʁ/ allophones is instead long, or up to , the latter eight, specially unvoiced , be particularly common, while none of them except archaic , that contrast with the setting in all positions, are usual to occur alone in a computerized dialect. In many Brazilian dialects, /ʁ/ occurs earlier other consonants, although in other dialects the peering of ), or even rarer sounds such as , or can be used instead. Word-finally in Brazil, the rhotic is often dropped entirely when speaking colloquially; when preserved, the same variation occurs as earlier a consonant. The voiced stops are lisp as the corresponding voiced fricatives betwixt vowels, or betwixt vowels and the tap /ɾ/. word fricatives are a much more common feature in Lisbon and surrounding areas than outdoors Portugal or among agrarian and older speakers of southern and insular Portugal at the variant end. It is besides more commonest in join syllables. Examples of other pronunciation decide from the lusitanian national epic Os Lusíadas , by write Luís de Camões archetypal IPA IPA IPA Galician IPA Translation Sustentava contra ele Vénus bela, suɕtẽ̞ˈtavə ˈkʰɔ̝̃tɾə ˈeɫɨ ˈvɛnuʑ ˈβɛɫə suɕtẽ̞ˈtavə ˈkõ̞tɾə ˈeɫi ˈvẽ̞nuʑ ˈbɛ̞ɫə sʊstenˈtaˑvə ˈko̞ntɾə ˈeɫɪ ˈve̞ˑnʊz ˈbɛˑlə Sustentaba contra el Venus bela, sustenˈtaβa ˈkontɾa ˈel ˈβɛnuz ˈβɛla Held against him the beautiful Venus Afeiçoada à gente Lusitana, əfəjˈswaðaː ʒɛ̝̃t ɫuziˈtɐnə əfejsuˈadaː ˈʑẽ̞tɕi̥ ɫuziˈtɜ̃nə ɐfeɪ̯sʊˈada a ˈʑe̞n̠tɕɪ̥ ɫʊzɪˈtɜˑnə Afeizoada á xente Lusitana afejθoˈaðaː ˈʃente lusiˈtana So fond of the Lusitanian people, Por quantas qualidades via nela puɾ ˈkwɐ̃tə̥ɕ kwəliˈðaðɨʑ ˈviə ˈnɛɫə puʀ ˈkwɜ̃tə̥ɕ kwəɫiˈdadʑiʑ ˈviə ˈnɛ̞ɫə pʊɾ ˈkwɜntəs kwɜɫɪˈdadʑɪz ˈviɐ ˈnɛˑlə Por cantas calidades vía nela poɾ ˈkantas kaliˈðaðez ˈβia ˈnɛla For the many qualities she saw in them Da antiga tão amada sua Romana; də̃ˈtiɣə ˈtʰɐ̃w̃ əˈmaðə ˈsuə ʁuˈmɐnə dɐ ɜ̃ˈtɕiɣɐ tɜ̃w̃ ɜˈmadə ˈsuə ʁo̞ˈmɜ̃nə dɜːn̠ˈtɕiga tɜw̃ ɜˈmadə ˈswa hoˈmɜˑnə Da antiga tan amada súa Romana; danˈtiɣa ˈtaŋ aˈmaða ˈsua roˈmana that reminded her of her precious old Rome; Nos fortes corações, na grande estrela, nuɕ ˈfɔɾtɨ̥ɕ kuɾəˈsõ̞j̃ɕ nə ˈɣɾɐ̃dɨ̥ɕˈtɾeɫə nuɕ ˈfɔxtɕi̥ɕ ko̞ɾəˈsõ̞j̃ɕ nə ˈɡɾɜ̃d̥ɕ ɕˈtɾeɫə nʊs ˈfɔɾtɕɪ̥s koɾɐˈsõ̞ɪ̯̃s nə ˈɡɾɜn̠dʑɪsˈtɾeˑlə Nos fortes corazóns, na grande estrela, nos ˈfɔɾtes koɾaˈθoŋs na ˈɣɾandesˈtɾela In their foursquare hearts, in the great star Que mostraram na terra Tingitana, kɨ̥ muɕˈtɾaɾə̃w̃ nə ˈtʰɛʁə tĩʒiˈtɐnə ki̥ mo̞ɕˈtɾaɾɜ̃w̃ nə ˈtɛʁə tɕĩʑiˈtɜ̃nə kɪ̥ mʊsˈtɾaɾɜw̃ nɐ ˈtɛˑɦə tɕɪn̠ʑɪˈtɜˑnə Que mostraran na terra Tinxitana, ke mosˈtɾaɾaŋ na ˈtɛra tin̠ʃiˈtana that they show in the land of Tangiers, E na língua, na qual quando imagina, i nə ˈlĩɡwə nə ˈkwaɫ ˈkwɐ̃dwiməˈʒinə i nə ˈɫĩɡwə nə ˈkwaw ˈkwɜ̃dw ĩməˈʑĩnə ɪ nɐ ˈɫiŋɡwə nɐ ˈkwaʊ̯ ˈkwɜndʊ̯ ɪmɐˈʑiˑnə E na lingua, na cal cando imaxina, e na ˈliŋɡwa na ˈkal ˈkando jmaˈʃina And the language, which if you reasons of it Com pouca corrupção crê que é a Latina. kũ ˈpokə kuʁupˈsɐ̃w̃ ˈkɾe kɨ ˈɛ ə ɫəˈtinə kũ ˈpowkə ko̞ʀupˈsɜ̃w̃ kɾe ˈkjɛ ə ɫəˈtɕĩnə kʊm ˈpoːkɐ kʊɦʊpɪ̥ˈsɜw̃ ˈkɾeˑ ˈkjɛ ɐ lɐˈtɕiˑnə Con pouca corrupción cre que é a Latina. kom ˈpowka korupˈθjoŋ ˈkɾe ˈke ˈɛ a laˈtina a little corrupted, you believe it to be Latin. Grammar important article: Portuguese grammar