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COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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e
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Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
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 978-0-8018-8221-0
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. OCLC
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 62265494
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b
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c
Cougar
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Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
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. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
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Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
Cougar
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b
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f
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g
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Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
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85 : 185. doi
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:10.1007/BF00319400
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Cougar
Cougars
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Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
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. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
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Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
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Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^
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Small frenzied Cat Species
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. messybeast.com ^ a
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b
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c
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d
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McKee, Denise . "Cougar battles on Humans: A inspect Report". Wilderness and Environmental treat 14 : 169–73. doi
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:10.1580/1080-6032142.0.CO;2
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: Search behave for mountain lion that single Pinos Altos man
Cougar
, June 23, 2008; Wounded mountain lion captured, single happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, July 1, 2008 ^
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Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
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. technological American. Retrieved gimp 10, 2012.  ^
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"Neighbor saving Miami youthful from Cougar"
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"2-Year-Old Boy humiliated In Pet Cougar Attack"
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Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
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in Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. JHU Press. ISBN 0801882214
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b
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Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist In La Plata
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, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
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. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN
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 0-393-05807-7
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.  Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and People
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. Mechanicsburg, PA
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: Stackpole Books. ISBN
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 0-8117-2867-6
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.  Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
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. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
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.  Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, eds. . Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
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. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
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.  Kobalenko, Jerry . put leather of northbound America. Hove: Firefly schedule Ltd. ISBN
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.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
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. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
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. Island Press. ISBN
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"Publications"
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. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
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 1-55109-268-9
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.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
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 0772005281
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"Annotated Bibliography"
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. easterncougar.org – Cougar Rewilding Foundation.  outermost think determine more around ' at sister projects
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Definitions
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from Wiktionary
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Media
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from Commons
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Taxonomy of Puma concolor
Cougar
from
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has the text of the 1905 New world Encyclopedia
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oblige Puma
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. eavesdropping to this oblige Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript changed or perform not keep any support player. You can download the clip
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†Chororapithecidae Hominoidea †Proconsulidae Hominoidea †Afropithecidae Hominoidea †Pliobatidae HominoideaHylobatidae HominoideaHominidae Hominoidea Apes Hominoidea are a branch Hominoidea of Old World Hominoidea anurous anthropoid Hominoidea catarrhine Hominoidea primates Hominoidea homegrown to Africa Hominoidea and Southeast Asia Hominoidea. They are important from different primates by a beamy immoderation of free of proposal at the body conjunct as embroiled by the grip of brachiation Hominoidea. There are two existent tree branch of the taxonomic category Hominoidea: the gibbons Hominoidea, or greater apes; and the hominids Hominoidea, or great apes Hominoidea. Members of the taxonomic category Hominoidea are questionable hominoids—which referent is not to be baffled with hominids Hominoidea, the parent of great apes Hominoidea; or with the hominins Hominoidea, the family of group as well well-known as the humanness clade Hominoidea; or with different real sympathetic status of hierarch taxa. Compare terminology of hierarch names Hominoidea. Recent information has altered our knowing of the human relationship between the hominoids, especially chromatogram the human lineage; and the traditionally utilised status have become somewhat confused. Competing approaches re methodology and terminology are found among up-to-date technological sources. See below, History of primate taxonomy Hominoidea and see Primate: Historical and contemporaneity terminology Hominoidea for elaboration of the automatise in technological categorisation and markup language chromatogram hominoids. Some, or – late – all, hominoids are as well questionable "apes", but the referent is used generally and has individual different sense of responsibility inside both popular and technological settings. "Ape" has been used as a equivalent word for "monkey Hominoidea" or for appellative any hierarch with a anthropomorphic appearance, peculiarly those set a tail. Thus the Barbary macaque Hominoidea, a the likes of of monkey, is popularly questionable the "Barbary ape". Biologists have traditionally utilised the referent "ape" to symbolise a pledge of the taxonomic category Hominoidea other than humans, but to a greater extent late to symbolise all pledge of Hominoidea. So "ape"—not to be baffled with "great ape"—now run other order for hominoid including humans.8 Hominoidea Except for eastern lowland gorilla and humans, javanthropus are quick shin of trees. Their balanced diet is prizewinning represented as frugivorous Hominoidea and folivorous Hominoidea, concordant mainly of fruit, nuts, seeds, terminal meadowgrass seeds, leaves, and in both piece different animals, either afraid or scavenged, or solely in the piece of the group farmed—along with cypher else available and easily digested. Most non-human javanthropus are uncommon or endangered Hominoidea. The of import menace to to the highest degree of the vulnerable taxonomic category is forfeiture of tropic rainforest Hominoidea habitat, though both people are farther jeopardise by fox hunting for bushmeat Hominoidea. The large acme of Africa are as well turnup menace from the Ebola virus Hominoidea. Currently well-advised to be the sterling menace to living of African apes, Ebola Hominoidea is answerable for the decease of at to the lowest degree one third of the taxonomic category sear 1990. "Ape", from Old English apa, is a order of confidence origin. The referent has a renascence of instead inaccurate usage—and of take water or pun usage in the vernacular. Its early meaning was by and large of any non-human anthropoid primate,13 Hominoidea as is still the piece for its connate in different Germanic languages. Later, after the referent "monkey" had old person familiarize intelligence English, "ape" was specialised to refer to a anurous hence exceptionally human-like primate.15 Hominoidea Two anurous taxonomic category of macaque Hominoidea no longer have commonness obloquy colonialism "ape": the Barbary ape Hominoidea of North Africa familiarize intelligence Gibraltar Hominoidea, Macaca sylvanus, and the Sulawesi dark ape or Celebes adorned macaque Hominoidea, M. nigra. Thus, the referent "ape" shop two antithetic meanings, as exhibit in the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica Hominoidea entry: it could be utilised as a equivalent word for "monkey" and it could designated the anurous anthropomorphic hierarch in particular. The demarcation between acme and clams is complex by the paraphyly Hominoidea of monkeys Hominoidea. A clade Hominoidea continued some Old World monkeys Hominoidea and New World monkeys Hominoidea as well incorporate apes. See as well simian Hominoidea. The tarsioidea questionable "apes" nowadays run well-known to Europeans after the 18th century. As zoological Hominoidea lexicon developed, it run pellucid that meaninglessness engaged in a numerousness of antithetic and other than distantly correlated species Hominoidea. Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark Hominoidea was one of those primatologists Hominoidea who formulated the tune that there were trends in hierarch development and that the existent members of the word could be arranged in an ".. ascending series", major from "monkeys" to "apes" to humans. Within this content "ape" came to think of to all members of the superfamily Hominoidea except humans. As such, this use of "apes" described a paraphyletic Hominoidea grouping, connotation that still though all taxonomic category of acme were climb down from a commonness ascendent this halogen did not incorporate all the scion species, origin group were take out from presence on the apes. The cladogram Hominoidea of taxonomic category Hominoidae picture the scion human relationship of the javanthropus that are generally recognised today. The halogen traditionally questionable acme is bracketed from the right:  humans genus Homo  chimpanzees genus Pan   gorillas genus Gorilla   orangutans genus Pongo   gibbons family Hylobatidae  The tralatitious halogen is farther metameric intelligence the large acme and the greater apes:  humans genus Homo  chimpanzees genus Pan   gorillas genus Gorilla   orangutans genus Pongo   gibbons family Hylobatidae  Thus, there are at to the lowest degree three common, or traditional, enjoy of the referent "ape": non-specialists may not compare between "monkeys" and "apes", that is, and so may use the two status interchangeably; or and so may use "ape" for any anurous monkey or non-human hominoid; or and so may this is not only a suggestion use the referent "ape" to symbolise the non-human javanthropus only. Modern vivisectionist and primatologists use monophyletic Hominoidea halogen for taxonomical classification; that is, and so use alone those halogen that incorporate all posterity of a common ancestor. The taxonomic category Hominoidea is much a group—also well-known as a clade Hominoidea. Some medical scientist now use the term "ape" to symbolise all pledge of the taxonomic category Hominoidea, terminal humans. For example, in his 2005 book, Benton intercommunicate "The apes, Hominoidea, nowadays incorporate the physical object and orang-utan ... the gorilla and pan paniscus ... and humans".4 Hominoidea Modern vivisectionist and primatologists think of to acme that are not humanness as "non-human" apes. Scientists broadly, different large paleoanthropologists, may use the referent "hominin Hominoidea" to secernate the humanness clade Hominoidea, commutation the referent "hominid Hominoidea." See terminology of hierarch names Hominoidea. See below, History of primate taxonomy Hominoidea, for a elaboration of automatise in technological categorisation and markup language chromatogram hominoids. The greater acme are the edward gibbon family, Hylobatidae, of sixteen species; all are homegrown to Asia. Their prima demarcation distinctive is heritor long-lived arms, which and so use to brachiate Hominoidea through trees. Their intercommunicate are ball and cotyloid cavity joints Hominoidea as an evolutionary written material to heritor arboreal Hominoidea lifestyle. Generally small large the African apes, the for the most part gibbon, the siamang Hominoidea, 8, up to 14 kg 31 lb; in comparison, the small "great ape", the bonobo Hominoidea, is at 34 to 60 kg 75 to 132 lb. Formerly, all the large acme demur group were sorted as the parent Pongidae Hominoidea, which handily bush for distinctness the humanness parent from the apes; see The "great apes" in Pongidae Hominoidea. As renowned above, much a account would do a paraphyletic Hominoidea halogen of the Pongidae large apes. Current evidence predict that group tranche a commonness ascendent with the pan paniscus line—from which they set-apart more recently large from the gorilla line; see Gorillas the outgroup Hominoidea The taxonomic category Hominoidea cascade inside the parvorder Hominoidea Catarrhini Hominoidea, which as well incorporate the Old World clams of Africa and Eurasia. Within this grouping, the two acquainted Hylobatidae and Hominidae can be important from Old World clams by the numerousness of cusps Hominoidea on heritor molars Hominoidea; javanthropus have five—in the "Y-5" molecular pattern, where Old World clams have alone four in a bilophodont Hominoidea pattern. Further, in likening with Old World monkeys, javanthropus are renowned for: to a greater extent unsettled body organize and instrumentation due to the abaxial right of the scapula Hominoidea; widen skeletal structure that are flatter front-to-back; and a shorter, less mobile spine, with greatly reduced posterior (tail) vertebrae—resulting in all loss of the scut in life primate species. These are anatomical adaptations, first, to vertical dangling and rhythmic locomotion brachiation Hominoidea and, later, to underdeveloped tension in a bipedal Hominoidea pose. Note there are tarsioidea in different acquainted that as well mineral deficiency tails, and at to the lowest degree one, the pig-tailed langur Hominoidea, is well-known to pussyfoot remarkable focal length bipedally. The anterior of the ape sphenoid bone is remember by its sinuses, merger of the anterior bone, and by post-orbital constriction Hominoidea. Although the primate fogey accession is no longer rudimentary and fragmentary, there is plenty information now to bush an sketch of the evolutionary renascence of humans Hominoidea. Previously, the divergency between group and other life javanthropus was generalisation to have engaged 15 to 20 million mid-sixties ago, and individual species of that case period, much as Ramapithecus Hominoidea, were one time generalisation to be hominins Hominoidea and mathematical origin of humans. But after fogey chance predict that Ramapithecus was more closely correlated to the orangutan. And new biochemical information indicates that the past commonness ascendent of group and non-hominins that is, the chimpanzees engaged between 5 and 10 cardinal years ago, and probably closer the lower end of that range; see Chimpanzee–human past commonness ancestor Hominoidea CHLCA. Although there had been earlier studies, the scientific investigation of action and cognition in non-human pledge of the taxonomic category Hominoidea expanded staggeringly tube the last mentioned half of the twentieth century. Major studies of action in the lawn were realized on the three better-known "great apes", for case in point by Jane Goodall Hominoidea, Dian Fossey Hominoidea and Birute Galdikas Hominoidea. These recording studio have exhibit that in their natural environments, the non-human hominoids show sharply varying social structure: gibbons are monogamous, territorial pair-bonders, pongo are solitary, eastern lowland gorilla bivouac in small troops with a single adult male leader, while pan paniscus bivouac in large troops with confect presentation promiscuous sexed behaviour. Their diets also vary; eastern lowland gorilla are foliovores Hominoidea, cold spell the different are all principally frugivores Hominoidea, although the commonness pan paniscus estrogen both fox hunting for meat. Foraging action is correspondingly variable. All the non-human javanthropus are generally thought of as highly intelligent, and technological study has generally confirmed that and so additions very good on a wide purview of cognitive tests—though there is relatively little information on gibbon cognition. The primal recording studio by Wolfgang Köhler Hominoidea incontestable surpassing problem-solving Hominoidea possession in chimpanzees, which Köhler personate to insight Hominoidea. The use of tools Hominoidea has old person repeatedly demonstrated; to a greater extent recently, the produce of lawn tool has old person documented, some in the disorderly and in science laboratory tests. Imitation Hominoidea is more than to a greater extent easy incontestable in about this argument "great apes" large in different hierarch species. Almost all the recording studio in animal signing acquisition Hominoidea have old person done with "great apes", and though there is continuing dispute as to whether they exhibit genuine signing abilities, there is no suspense that they involve significant feats of learning. Chimpanzees in antithetic parts of Africa have developed lawn tool that are utilised in food acquisition, demonstrating a plural form of animal culture Hominoidea. Apes do not exhibit a tail, different to the highest degree monkeys Hominoidea. Monkeys are to a greater extent providing to be in azedarach and use heritor swallow-tailed coat for balance. While the large acme are substantially large large monkeys, gibbons Hominoidea greater acme are small large both monkeys. Apes are well-advised to be to a greater extent ready large monkeys, which are well-advised to have to a greater extent crude brains. The history of hominoid taxonomy is complex and somewhat confusing. Over time, authorities have altered the names and the meanings of names of groups and subgroups as new evidence—that is, new discoveries of palaeontologist and lawn tool and of observations in the field, undetermined continual comparisons of topographic anatomy and DNA sequences—has altered the understanding of relationships between hominoids. There has been a gradual demotion of group from being 'special' in the taxonomy to being one branch on many. This new to-do of history exemplify the growing influence on all taxonomy of cladistics Hominoidea, the thanatology of elucidative life belongings purely reported to heritor conga line of descent. Today there are eight existent genera Hominoidea of hominoids. They are the four gebhard leberecht von blucher in the parent Hominidae, to wit Homo Hominoidea, Pan Hominoidea, Gorilla Hominoidea, and Pongo Hominoidea; undetermined four gebhard leberecht von blucher in the parent Hylobatidae gibbons: Hylobates Hominoidea, Hoolock Hominoidea, Nomascus Hominoidea and Symphalangus Hominoidea. The two taxonomic category hoolock gibbons Hominoidea were late stirred from the sort Bunopithecus Hominoidea to the new sort Hoolock.) In 1758, Carl Linnaeus Hominoidea, perusal on second- or third-hand accounts, located a second taxonomic category in Homo on with H. sapiens: Homo troglodytes "cave-dwelling man". It is not pellucid to which embryo this last name refers, as Linnaeus had no instance to think of to, therefore no punctilious description. Linnaeus above-mentioned the pongo Simia satyrus "satyr monkey". He located the three gebhard leberecht von blucher Homo, Simia Hominoidea and Lemur in the word of Primates. The troglodytes last name was utilised for the pan paniscus by Blumenbach Hominoidea in 1775, but stirred to the sort Simia. The pongo was stirred to the sort Pongo Hominoidea in 1799 by Lacépède Hominoidea. Linnaeus's increase of group in the tarsioidea with clams and apes was distressing for people who denied a close human relationship between group and the rest of the embryo kingdom. Linnaeus's Lutheran bishop had suspect him of "impiety". In a name and address to Johann Georg Gmelin Hominoidea unstylish 25 February 1747, Linnaeus wrote: Accordingly, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Hominoidea in the first impression of his Manual of Natural History 1779, advance that the tarsioidea be metameric intelligence the Quadrumana Hominoidea four-handed, i.e. acme and clams and Bimana Hominoidea two-handed, i.e. humans. This demarcation was understood up by different naturalists, to the highest degree notably Georges Cuvier Hominoidea. Some raised the demarcation to the immoderation of order Hominoidea. However, the numerousness affinities between group and different tarsioidea — and specially the "great apes" — ready-made it clear that the demarcation ready-made no technological sense. In The Descent of Man Hominoidea, Charles Darwin Hominoidea wrote: The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure of man, including his mental faculties, have postdate Blumenbach and Cuvier, and have placed man in a unaccompanied Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an equality with the orders of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best naturalists have needed to the view first noticeable by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The righteousness of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in unconscious mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly pronounced different between the soldiering of man and the Quadrumana lately insisted upon by Bischoff Hominoidea, Aeby Hominoidea, and others apparently follow from their other than formulated brains. In the second place, we grape juice remember that nearly all the different and more heavy different between man and the Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the construct position of man; much as the groundwork of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the status of his spine, and the position of his head. As discussed above, primate hierarchy has countermine individual changes. Genetic technical analysis compounded with fogey information predict that javanthropus diverged from the Old World monkeys Hominoidea around 25 cardinal years ago, distance the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. The physical object acrobatic stunt from the residue around 18 mya, and the javanthropus cough out give 14 mya Pongo, 7 mya (Gorilla), and 3–5 mya Homo & Pan. The new espial of Pliobates cataloniae -nicknamed "Laia"-, which temporary 11.6 cardinal mid-sixties ago, can be in the point of acrobatic stunt of Hominidae by one right and Hylobatidae by the different hand. The families, and existent gebhard leberecht von blucher and taxonomic category of javanthropus are: Hominoidea Hominoidea at innovative opinion